Patient Confidentiality Essay - 785 Words

How Nurses Leaders Help Ensure Patient Confidentiality In 2015, the United States Congress endorsed the Medicare Access and CHIP (Childrens Health Insurance Plan) Reauthorization Act (MACRA), which in part called for meaningful information use reinforced by value-base care provider reimbursement models. [1] Health information technology (HIT) infrastructure streamlines care providing only with the in-depth information provided by Electronic health records (EHRs). HIT is an amalgamation of the development and creation of storage systems the house, store and protect EHRs and other medical data. Nurse leaders use these systems improve the quality of services, lower health care costs, and reduce medical errors. The technology has transformed†¦show more content†¦The technology also facilitates faster and safer health care services. Privacy, Security and Electronic Health Records The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule regulates how care providers handle sensitive patient information. The provision dictates federally mandated protection measures concern specific and discernable patient information. The Privacy Rule encourages, but does not mandate, that providers to give patients a choice as to whether appropriate health care professional can access their personal medical information. Although, some laws – such as HIPPA - do exist that require care providers to obtain written patient authorization before sharing sensitive medical data. The medical professionals might use the information for operational activities such as billing or treatment. The Healthcare Insurance and Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 The Healthcare Insurance and Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA) establishes nationwide standards regarding EHRs, health plan, mass medical information management, and care provider conduct when handling sensitive electronic patient records. [3] Under this rule, patients gain more control over the management of their medical details. HIPPA requires care providers to comply with safety measures that protect the privacy of patients’ health information. The law also limits what information care provides can share without patient consent. PatientShow MoreRelatedPatient Confidentiality Essay926 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Patient Confidentiality: Ethical Implications to Nursing Practice Patient Confidentiality: Ethical Implications to Nursing Practice Patient confidentiality is a fundamental practice in healthcare and it is integral part of healthcare ethical standards (Purtilo Dougherty, 2010). According to the American Nurses Association (ANA) code of ethics â€Å"the nurse has a duty to maintain confidentiality of all patient information† (Nursing world, p.6). Also, when a patient confidentialityRead MorePatient Confidentiality Essay684 Words   |  3 PagesPatient Confidentiality As healthcare providers, maintaining a patient’s confidentiality, human dignity and privacy is expected at all times. Nurses are faced with maintaining patient confidentiality on a daily basis. The Coded of Ethics for Nurses is the framework of nonnegotiable ethical standards and obligations that all nurses are to uphold. Nurses are to be accountable for their actions and are expected to advocate and strive to protect the rights, health and safety of patients (American NursesRead MoreThe Erosion of Patient Confidentiality Essay469 Words   |  2 PagesThe Erosion of Patient Confidentiality The medical Profession recognizes that patients have a number of basic rights. These include but are not limited to the following: the right to reasonable response to his or her requests and need and needs for treatment within the hospitals capacity. The right to considerate, respectful care focused on the patients individual needs. The right of the patient to make health care decisions, including the right to refuse treatment. The right to formulateRead MoreDuty to Protect vs Patient Confidentiality Essay617 Words   |  3 Pageshave determined, that a patient presents a serious danger of violence to another, the therapist then has a ‘duty to protect’ that third party† (Dimone Fulero, 145-147). However, the Tarasoff doctrine is vague as written, given very little direction to practitioners in how to carry out their legal obligation while still remaining ethically responsibly to their client. A leading ethical challenge in the mental health profession today inv olves maintaining client confidentiality and protecting the publicRead MoreResponsibilities Of A Registered Nurse1110 Words   |  5 PagesRegistered nurses must demonstrate their competence every year by providing evidence to show that they are meeting the standards and legislative requirements (Nursing Council of New Zealand [NCNZ], 2007). This essay will describe the responsibilities of a registered nurse and discuss how confidentiality and being professional as ethical values from the Code of Ethics relative to the role of a Registered Nurse in New Zealand. Beauchamp and Childress (2013) defines ‘ethics as a term used for referringRead MoreConfidentiality in Nursing Practice826 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Confidentiality in Nursing Practice This essay will discuss why confidentiality is important within nursing practice and the reasons why a registered nurse and student nurse are accountable and to whom they are accountable to in relation to patient care. It will further discuss patient’s rights in relation to law. Definition of Confidentiality, Bailliere’s DictionaryRead MoreConfidentiality And The Common Law Of Confidentiality846 Words   |  4 PagesIn this essay I am going to discuss confidentiality. The common law of confidentiality says that people have a right to expect that information given to a healthcare professional is only used for the reason it was given but also that it will not be disclosed without permission (The nursing times, no date). The important concept is of trust, without which no relationship can develop or be sustained between a patient and a nursing practitioner. Baillie and Black (2015. p27) stated that in practiceRead MoreThe Ethical Consequences Of Breaching A Patient Confidentiality872 Words   |  4 PagesConfidentiality is one of the main duties of health care providers. They are required to keep information about patient’s health private unless the patient give permission to release his/her health information (De Bord et al, 2013). Dilemmas in patient’s confidentiality may arise when there is disagreement between confidentiality and other ethical principles such as avoiding harm to the patient or others. The aims of this essay is to describe my professional viewpoint on the confidentiality of aRead MoreConfidentiality Is The Safe Keeping Of Documentation And Information From A Client1515 Words   |  7 PagesIn this essay, I, will explore circumstances a health professional would be justified in disclosing confidential information to a third party without his/her consent. Confidentiality is the safe keeping of documentation and information from a client. The information must be kept between you and the client for it to remain confidential. Confidential information could be a client’s name, address, date of birth, bank details, family details and religion (Confidentiality, 2009). To make sure confidentialityRead MoreIs Consent And Confidentiallity Is Important For Midwifery Practice1218 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay will explore why consent and confidentiallity is important in midwifery practice. It will look into why it is needed and what can happen if these aspects are breeched in anyway. The National Health service was founded in 1948, this brought free healthcare to everyone. In 1902 the Midwives act becomes a law and midwifery became an established profession, fast forward to 2004 the midwives rules and standards are published and then amended in 2012 and in 2008 the code of conduct was brought

Kids Will Be Kids Is No Longer The Case - 992 Words

The employee’s lunch quickly ended as he stormed out of the break room baffled. While walking back to his cubical, he thought†¦. Parents really allow their children to have such a disgruntle demeanor? The day seemed to drag as he became emotionally disgusted. He found himself disturbed and writing down words like anger, fist fighting, bribery, nark, under achiever and so on. All these words carry a negative meaning. It is these kind of words that children, friends, family, coworkers and employers endorse in their daily lives for the sole purpose to bully others? These words have been around for eons and did not have the same impact on society as they do today. The old clue shay â€Å"kids will be kids† is no longer the case. American’s†¦show more content†¦Today, people are out of tune with human civilization. This did not happen overnight. Due to people using negative words in their daily vocabulary change occurred. One evident cause is individual values. Constantly, the local daily paper is full of people committing wrongful acts of behavior. The band aid answer is contributed to one’s upbringing. While partially accurate it continues well beyond. An individual’s values are comprised of discipline and ethics. Very few children today receive a good old spanking that some old folks reminisce about when talking about the â€Å"good old days†. People who grew up over the past 25 years lack discipline, which has flowed into the work force. Discipline comes in various forms. Just like discipline a adults parental rights are eroding too. Society has put their nose in how parents raise their children. Parents are afraid to spank their child, have them perform additional chores, or stand in the corner with their nose touching the wall when they do wrong. The current laws tie parents’ hands. According to American Humane Association â€Å"an estimated 3.3 million reports of alleged ab use and/or neglect involving approximately 6 million children were made to local child protective services (CPS) agencies across the country. An estimated 899,000 of these children were determined to be victims of abuse

Construction Contracts Law and Management

Question: Discuss about the Construction Contracts Law and Management. Answer: Introduction Contract is an agreement enforceable by law. Agreements which confers legal obligation on the parties, only those agreements are contracts. Validity of contract is determined on the basis of the fact that, whether essential conditions of for formation of contract have been satisfied or not. Essentials of a valid contract constitute an agreement, intention to enter into contractual relationship and consideration. An agreement includes offer and acceptance of the terms of the offer in strict sense. In order to constitute a legally binding relationship between parties there should be meeting of minds, in other words the parties must agree upon the terms of the contract in the same sense. At common law a promise to be enforceable by law as a contract must either be incorporated in a deed or supported by valuable consideration. In Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co. vs. Selfridge and Co. Ltd. consideration was defined as An act or forbearance of one party, or the promise thereof, is the price for which the promise of the other is bought, and the promise thus given for value is enforceable. It can rightly be asserted that consideration is an important aspect of contract so as to be legally binding upon the parties to contract. In other words, consideration is the price paid for enabling the promise to be enforceable. The rule that consideration must not be adequate or commercially realistic, rather it should be sufficient, mandates that the consideration need not be equal to that promised, but must have some value. In other words in a contractual arrangement some value must be given by promisee in lieu of promise made by the promisor. This is in line with the pronouncement in the case of Thomas vs. Thomas wherein it was laid that consideration must hold some value in the eyes of law. The research paper would analyze problem related to the nature of consideration so as to enable the contract to be enforceable by law. Whether the consideration should be adequate or commercially realistic or the consideration would be a valid consideration under law if it is a sufficient consideration. The present paper would determine with reference to case laws, development of the concept of consideration in contract law and explain the role of consideration in formation of contract. History on the origins of concept of consideration Concept of consideration requires it as an essential element in the formation of contract. The term consideration was for the first time in contractual context used by judiciary in 1557, with regard to a marriage agreement in the case of Joscelin vs. Shelton. It has been argued that concept of consideration occurred around 16th century when the common law judges were in a dilemma, as to enforcement of a contract not under seal, and the answer to the problem lied in development of the concept of consideration, so as to identify and enforce bargains. Theorists are of the view that the concept of consideration might be a species of evolution of the concept of assumpsit, but it can be argued that during this process there existed a strong influence of the 14th century doctrine of Quid pro quo. With the decision in Pickering vs. Thoroughgood in 1533 the concept of assumpsit had developed to an extent that it could be regarded as a remedy in cases of breach of promises. In the said case a successful action was brought by a brewer against a person who assumed and promised to deliver malt, which was supposed to be used in brewing trade. The position laid in Slades case led a way to enforcement of simple agreements. The said case adjudged that every contract carries in itself an assumpsit, as where one party agrees to make payment or deliver goods to another, he thereby assumes the position of a promisor and for the said reason when the former delivers goods to the latter, the latter in consideration of the delivery agrees to pay money at such a date. The court after observing the above mentioned position concluded that wherein a similar situation arise both the parties have an action of debt or an action of assumpsit, hence whenever the parties have two remedies available, the option to opt between the two lies with the parties. During the 18th century consideration was presumed in case of existence of moral obligation. The definition of consideration lay in the case of Dunlop vs. Selfridge was accepted during 20th century, and the same still prevails. Academic theories of consideration The academic theories related to consideration are imperative in the formation of a valid contract that enforceable by law. The contract law deals with the conception of exchange and it predicates the economy of a country. In countries like Australia most of the goods and services are distributed through markets and contract forms an integral part of the market. Consideration under the law of contract is an essential element that validates a contract and makes it enforceable by law. It is a well-established concept that enforceability of contracts is imperative in ensuring fairness and legal certainty for all the parties to the contract. The principal academic theories related to consideration are consideration is not required to be adequate, it must be sufficient; past consideration is not a good consideration; part-payment of a debt is not a good consideration and performance of a legal duty is not a good consideration. Consideration must be sufficient, it is not necessary that it should be adequate A consideration is valid if it is sufficient to bind the parties to the contract legally. A consideration that has some monetary value is considered as a valid consideration before the court of law. The consideration made must be recognizable in the eyes of law. The promises made by the parties at the time of entering into a contract must not be merely verbal promises. The promises made by one party in exchange of the promise made by the other party must be of some value that is recognized by the law. The value of the consideration may not be equal value but it must be something that amounts to a sufficient consideration to make the contract and valid and enforceable by law. In White v. Bluett (1853), Bluett brought a legal action against his fathers consent for an arrear amount and claimed that his father promised to make payments of the outstanding bill in exchange for Bluett himself provided Bluett stops complaining about it. It was held by the court that the consideration made by his father does not amount to a valid consideration as a promise to stop complaining does not possess any monetary value. Therefore, Bluett was still entitled to be paid by his father. It is established that consideration made in exchange of the promise must be tangible and must possess some pecuniary value. However, there are instances that are not considered as sufficient consideration in the legal parlance. These include moral duty, natural affection, love, and prayers. Promises made out of natural love and affection are not considered good consideration as these promises are regarded as general promises that are made within a family and there is no pecuniary value attached to the promises. The terms sufficiency and adequacy have similar meanings but from the legal point of view, they differ in their meanings and application. A consideration is considered adequate when a price or value received by any person is not proportionate to the price paid by the person. However, the courts are of the opinion that it depends on the parties to the contract as to what value is to be attached to the goods or services they intend to sell. Therefore, if the consideration in a contract is inadequate it does not invalidate the legal efficacy of the contract. This contention has been established in the case of Grogan v. Cooke where it has been observed that if the consideration is adequate and is not malafide in nature the court shall not intervene into the matter. It is an acceptable rule of common law that as long as the terms of a contract are not ambiguous and comprehensible the terms shall not be considered as unfair or inadequate. The rule is subject to the condition that the value attached to the services and the goods that forms the subject matter of the contract is nominal the goods and services are exempted from regulations as was expressed in Irish Steel Ltd case. Past consideration is not a good consideration If either of the parties to the contract executes an act willingly and the other party makes an undertaking after such performance, the consideration thus made is termed as past consideration. The Law of Contract stipulates that any consideration that is not made either with or after the promise becomes a past consideration and is not regarded as a valid consideration. Past consideration is not valid and cannot make the contract enforceable. This rule has been established in the case of Roscola v. Thomas (1842) 3 QB 234. The facts of the case were such that the plaintiff purchased a horse from the defendant and subsequent to the sale, the defendant assured him that the horse was sound by nature. However, later it was found that the horse was unsound and the plaintiff brought a legal action against the defendant for committing violation of the contract. The court held that the soundness of the horse did not amount to a valid consideration for the promise. The only consideration that w as made was the contract to sell the horse. However, the sale of the horse took place before the defendant had promised and hence it amounts to past consideration, which is not considered as a good and valid consideration. Part-payment of a debt is not a good consideration The rule established in the Pinnels case that fraction payment of a debt does not constitute a good consideration. If a party owes a certain amount of money to another party and assents to make fraction payment it is considered as part payment of a debt. The underlying reason behind the rule is that the proposal of making payment of a lesser amount cannot satisfy the outstanding greater amount and the law must decline to enforce the contract that includes such terms. This rule though was introduced in the Pinners case but was applied in the Foakes V Beer. In the latter case, Mrs. Beer asked Mr. Foakes to pay the debt for which Mr. Foakes asked for time subject to the condition that Mrs. Beer shall not take legal action against him. Mrs. Beer agreed to him but later she sued him for the remaining balance. It was held that Mrs. Beer was entitled to the payment of debt and that the promise made by her in exchange had no pecuniary value. Hence, it was not a good consideration. The most i mportant exception applicable to this rule is the doctrine of Promissory Estoppel. The doctrine binds a promise in the absence of a consideration. The doctrine states that if a party makes an undertaking relying upon which the other party acts on the promise, then the party making such undertaking is estopped or prohibited from turning in the promise made despite the party acting on such promise has not provided a good consideration. This doctrine has been established in the cases of Hughes Case (1877) and the High Trees (1947). The other exceptions applicable to the Pinnels case are that if the lesser sum proposed to be paid is accepted by the creditor; the amount is paid as an object that is acceptable by the creditor. Performance of a legal duty is not a good consideration When the plaintiff promises the defendant to fulfill a previous promise this amounts to insufficient consideration. Any public duty that is imposed by the law does not amount to a good consideration as the person is under statutory obligation to perform the legal duty. From the above discussions, it can be concluded that a consideration to be valid must be sufficient and adequate. As discussed above, for a consideration to be adequate it must be unambiguous and must not include any unfair terms. Again, a consideration is considered as sufficient in the eyes of law only when the promise made has economical value attached to it. Besides, having pecuniary value attached to the promise it must also be recognizable by the law. The intervention of the courts is unwanted, as the parties to the contract must decide the value to be attached to the goods and services. In case the terms are not fair and incomprehensible, the parties may seek the courts in the matter. A consideration acts as a fundamental element in the formation of a valid contract as it makes a contract legally binding and effective. For a contract to be enforceable by law, it is mandatory that the consideration is a good consideration. However, there remain difficulties in reconciling the s ufficiency and the adequacy argument. The main problem is that if practical advantage is to be considered to be the basis of a sufficient or adequate consideration, there are contrasting decisions that still do not make a clear statement as to whether a consideration must be sufficient or adequate for it to be valid. However, if the reasoning stated by the Court of Appeal in the Williams v. Roffey Bros is followed then the doctrine of consideration requires to be refined and restricted and recognition must be given to the practical benefit approach instead of the legal approach. Reference list Adriaanse, Mr John.Construction contract law. Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. Bailey, Veronica E.Cape Law: Text and cases: Contract law, Tort law and Real property. AuthorHouse, 2016. Gallagher, Ciaran. "Should the" Doctrine of Consideration" be abolished?." (2016). Hughes, Will, Ronan Champion, and John Murdoch.Construction contracts: law and management. Routledge, 2015. Kane, James. "The Rule in Pennel's Case: The Case for Repeal, a Mistaken Preponderance and Finding Consideration in Debt Renegotiations."Dublin ULJ37 (2014): 79. Liebenberg, Sandra, Colm O'Cinneide, and Gerry Whyte. "Case Notes and Recent Developments."Dublin University Law Journal37 (2014). Martin, Paul. "Estoppel: Binding promise without a contract: Court of appeal considers proprietary estoppel."LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal23 (2016): 93. McKendrick, Ewan.Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press, 2014. Poole, Jill.Textbook on contract law. Oxford University Press, 2016. Robertson, Andrew. "Three Models of Promissory Estoppel."Browser Download This Paper(2014). Thampapillai, Dilan. "Practical Benefits and Promises to pay Lesser Sums: Reconsidering the Relationship between the Rule in Foakes v Beer and the Rule in Williams v Roffey."U. Queensland LJ34 (2015): 301. Zhang, Enkai. "Australian Business Law. A Case Study." (2015).

Medias Effect on Body Image free essay sample

The Media How realistic is the media’s presentation of women? Women and men come in all shapes and size, yet constantly the media presents us with only one ‘image’ – a very slender and unrealistic one. Only a small percentage of women actually look that way naturally. We forget when looking at these pictures that the best lighting and photographic equipment, hours with make-up artists and wardrobe assistants have been necessary to make these women look so ‘natural’. What is the media trying to do by constantly presenting us with unrealistic images? Deliberately convince us that we are not good enough as we are. To make us believe that in order to be happy, successful and popular we must change – we must try and mirror the media image. Because for most of us our size, shape and facial features are not represented on the screen or in the magazines we begin to feel as though we are ‘not good enough’. We will write a custom essay sample on Medias Effect on Body Image or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We begin to believe that we need to change, that we should not be happy with our current appearances. What do you think is gained by having us believe that we need to change ourselves? There is BIG money to be made in the name of image creation. Large industries are flourishing because we have come to believe that we need their products and services in order to be wanted, needed, loved, happy and successful. Just think of all the cosmetics, diet books, dietary products, dieting agencies, cosmetic surgeries – the number of businesses which are thriving simply because we have been made to feel inadequate as we naturally are. How would these businesses survive if we were left to feel happy with ourselves? How does this all effect us? We are of course all affected in varying degrees. The pressure to feel dissatisfied with ourselves can lead to low self-esteem, even self-hatred. Some of us become obsessed with striving to achieve the media image. This can be time consuming, expensive and emotionally damaging and lead to physical ill-health. Far from promoting health and happiness, these media images encourage illness. Some of us feel guilty when eating or swimming in public because out bodies are ‘not good enough’. Many turn to disordered eating patterns. many have died as a result. How successful do you feel the media has been in convincing you and your friends that you need to change? Think about how differently you would feel about yourself if the slim media image was replaced with a wide variety of shapes and sizes – just like the real world? What can you do about all this? Think carefully about the points raised here. Talk them over with your friends – we are all being pressured by the media. We all want to be loved, desired, happy, feel needed and wanted – but are those things that can really be bought, copied, or manufactured? Do happiness and popularity really come from a diet sheet, a pot of face cream or from a painful cosmetic surgery procedure? Suggestions Perhaps you and your friends can agree to help each other overcome media pressure by not encouraging each others diet and food fads, advocating certain body shapes or endorsing right and wrong body shapes. Reduce the talk of losing weight and changing shape. Try not to wonder what your ideal body shape is and think more about things that make you feel healthy and comfortable in you own skin. Leant to look at different shapes and sizes in a new light for what they are – that there are many different types of beautiful.

Pericles Funeral Speech and Jefferson Declaration of Independence Essay Essays

Pericles Funeral Speech and Jefferson Declaration of Independence Essay Essays Pericles Funeral Speech and Jefferson Declaration of Independence Essay Essay Pericles Funeral Speech and Jefferson Declaration of Independence Essay Essay September 11. 2001. two planes crash into the World Trade Center. people plunging out Windowss to their deceases. a plane clangs into the Pentagon. highjackers overtaken by riders and crash the plane into a field in Pennsylvania. December 2003. mass Gravess uncovered in Iraq. regards of Saddam Husayn. May. 2004. a web page shows terrorists cutting off the caput of Nick Berg. August 2004. over 350 kids are executed by terrorists in a school in Russia. Democracy is being threatened by puzzling Zealots all over the universe. The United States have fought for Democracy as far back as the Revolutionary War. and both World Wars. Once once more our military is being asked to do the ultimate forfeit in the onslaught on democracy against these Zealots. Contending for democracy has been the cause of wars since the yearss of Pericles. Pericles provinces that â€Å"Our fundamental law does non seek to copy the Torahs of our neighbours ; we are an illustration to others. non impersonators of them† . During his clip there was normally one swayer that had the power over life and decease. the mass of people did non affair. In Athens this was far from the instance. Athens created its ain authorities. one that was for the people. and benefited the people. Pericles said with strong belief. â€Å"As far as public life is concerned. we live as free men† . The people of Athens had a authorities that supported them ; they were all equal in the eyes of the authorities. The metropolis of Athens stood by itself ; it needed no others to assist it. She left her gates unfastened to all and did non concern herself with excepting aliens. Her military stood entirely. Athens neer advanced into another district with Allies ; she did it entirely. He besides marvels in the fact that Athens does non populate for the fright of war. He states that they live free. but are ever ready if in danger. He even goes so far to state that his enemies are happy with a triumph over a little portion of the ground forces. Pericles praises Athens for her signifier of authorities – democracy – because it is merely in a democracy that citizens are encouraged to lend and take part in self-government. Democracy brings equality. merit brings public success. societal and economic mobility is encouraged. and the jurisprudence protects all: â€Å"We entirely see the adult male who refuses to take portion in metropolis personal businesss useless. † Pericles announces. And he gets in a excavation at Sparta by proudly proclaiming that â€Å"rather than look upon treatment as a stumbling-block in the manner of action. we think it is an indispensable preliminary to any wise action at all. † Pericles encourages his audience â€Å"to recognize the illustriousness of Athens† and bask everything the metropolis has to offer: â€Å"Further. we provide many ways to review the head from the loads of concern. We hold competitions and offer forfeits all the twelvemonth unit of ammunition. and the elegance of our private constitutions forms a day-to-day beginning of pleasance and helps to drive away sorrow. The magnitude of our metropolis draws the green goods of the universe into our seaport. so that to the Athenian the fruits of other states are as familiar a luxury as those of his ain. † What Pericles negotiations about in his address is about dimmed in importance by how he delivers the message. It is Pericles’ rhetoric that makes this address celebrated and the theoretical account for so many others in the class of history. Throughout his address. Pericles holds up glorification as the inducement for work forces to hotfoot to conflict for their freedom: Athens is a glorious metropolis because of the forfeits of old coevalss of work forces. and this coevals. excessively. must shoulder its load. And while contending for your state can assist convey about a triumph. it besides has the benefit of conveying you personal glorification. something Pericles believes can be gained in no other manner than by deceasing for your state: â€Å"Realize for yourself the power of Athens. and feed your eyes upon her twenty-four hours after twenty-four hours. till you become her devoted lover. Then. when all her illustriousness interruptions upon you. reflect that it was by bravery. sense of responsibility and a acute feeling of award in action that work forces were enabled to win all this. and that no personal failure in an endeavor could do them consent to strip their state of their heroism. but they laid it at her pess as the most glorious part they could offer. By this common offering of their lives made by them all. they each of them separately received that fame which neer grows old. For a burial chamber they have won non so much that grave in which their castanetss are here deposited. but that noblest of shrines wherein their glorification is laid up to be everlastingly remembered upon every juncture on which title or narrative shall fall for its memorialization. For heroes have the whole Earth for their grave. † Pericles’ address is surely persuasive. Its passion is based in world. It is a powerful to see a state mourn its war dead. In the terminal Pericles accomplishes his end to animate a metropolis in mass bereavement for its lost warriors. Woodrow Wilson was faced with a call to weaponries when in 1917 he proclaimed American entryway into World War I a campaign to do the universe â€Å"safe for democracy. † Pericles. in his funeral oration. negotiations of heroism as being really honest. He remarks that â€Å"Choosing to decease defying. instead than to populate submitting† is a bold and brave act and it deserves congratulations and glorification. He says the soldiers â€Å"fled merely from dishonour. but met danger face to face† . Abraham Lincoln was faced with a similar undertaking. The Gettysburg Address was delivered on November 19. 1863. at Gettysburg. Pennsylvania. during dedication of the Gettysburg National Cemetery. Lincoln’s address is more low than Pericles. but merely as passionate. He is careful in non adverting either side of the war ; he merely speaks of the state as a whole. â€Å"Now we are engaged in a great civil war. proving whether the state. or any state so conceived and so dedicated can long digest. We are met on a great battleground of that war. We have come to give a part of that field as the concluding resting-place for those who here gave their lives that this state might populate. † Lincoln pays testimonial to non merely the Union ground forces. but the Confederate as good. by stating â€Å"The brave work forces. life and dead. who struggled here. have consecrated it. far above our hapless power to add or take away. † There are obvious analogues between Pericles’ and Lincoln’s addresss. They both set out to carry through the same thing merely in different ways. Another celebrated author and bookman with a similar position of Athenian society. Sophocles. take to voice his sentiment through dramatist. Specifically in his two great calamities Oedipus the King and Antigone. Pericles and Sophocles. although coming from different terminals of the spectrum ( the aforementioned oratory or rhetoric and the latter fictional ) . both consider the person and the province in their plants and come to similar decisions with some exclusions. Pericles expresses his positions in his â€Å"Funeral Oration† . where he boasts of the great qualities of Athens. its citizens and soldiers. Sophocles injects his ideas and thoughts into his two chef-doeuvres. Oedipus the King and Antigone. In the undermentioned paper. I will compare the men’s thoughts and positions on the topic of the person and the province. In peculiar. their ideas on the importance of military excellence. award. bravery. and positions on adult females. Both work forces considered trueness in conflict and engagement in public affairs really of import. Harmonizing to Pericles. military accomplishments and awards make up for anything incorrect one does as a citizen ( for illustration. declining to take portion in metropolis personal businesss ) . The Greeks evidently looked upon excellence in the military really extremely. of all our neighbours. we entirely consider the adult male who refuses to take portion in metropolis personal businesss as useless†¦ . For there is justness in the claim that staunchness in his nation’s conflicts provides a cloak to cover a man’s other imperfectnesss ; the good action smudges out the bad. and his virtue as a citizen more than outweighs his m istakes as an person ( Pericles 58-59. 60 ) . Sophocles expresses similar positions on the affair in his drama Antigone. Creon negotiations of trueness to the province as holding arrant importance: As I see it. whoever assumes the undertaking. the amazing undertaking of puting the city’s class. and refuses to follow the soundest policies but fearing person. maintain his lips locked tight. he’s utterly worthless†¦ . But whoever proves his trueness to the province – I’ll award that adult male in decease every bit good as life ( Antigone 48-49 ) . Creon backs up his words with actions. He goes on to speak of Eteocles and Polynices. the two boies of Oedipus: Eteocles will be given a proper entombment. since he went down contending for Thebes. being loyal to his metropolis ; Polynices. on the other manus. committed lese majesty and went against everything Creon stands for and believes in. therefore â€Å"he must be left unburied. his cadaver carrion for the birds and Canis familiariss to rupture. an lewdness for the citizens to lay eyes on! These are my rules. Never at my custodies will the treasonist be honored above the patriot† ( Antigone 49 ) . As examined. nationalism was held really extremely by the Greeks. as seen in Pericles’s oration and Sophocles’s plays we once more come across an intersection in both statesmen’s thoughts. this clip on the topic of bravery. Pericles. in his funeral oration. negotiations of heroism as being really honest. He remarks that â€Å"Choosing to decease defying. i nstead than to populate submitting† ( Pericles 60 ) is a bold and brave act and it deserves congratulations and glorification. He says the soldiers â€Å"fled merely from dishonour. but met danger face to face† ( Pericles 60 ) . Make these features bring anyone we know to mind? The reply is yes. and two people come to mind: Antigone and Oedipus. Sophocles’s diacetylmorphine ( Antigone ) is the ultimate illustration of the topic Pericles discusses. True. Antigone was non a soldier. but she went against her uncle’s beliefs and bids. and did what was right harmonizing to the Gods. In burying her brother and so denoting her actions to the universe. she â€Å"fled merely from dishonour. but met danger face to face. † Antigone questioned Creon and proudly stated she was the wrongdoer. and did non repent her actions. Oedipus. alternatively of giving in to destine. combat it for every bit long as he could until destine eventually all in him. Although it seems that Sophocles Hagiographas parallel Pericles positions on women’s lower status. certain extracts provide a footing that Sop hocles’ positions contradict those presented in the Funeral Oration. Pericles provinces. â€Å"if I must state anything on the topic of female excellence†¦ . Great will be your glorification in non falling short of your natural character ; and greatest will be hers who is least talked of among the work forces whether for good or for bad† ( Pericles 61-62 ) . In an extract from Sophocles’ Oedipus the King. it is seen that Oedipus gives great weight to Jocasta’s sentiment. Oedipus compares narratives with Jocasta on the decease of the male monarch. He listens to Jocasta’s side of the narrative. non seting her in a low-level place or looking at her as inferior ( Oedipus the King 23 ) . In Summation. Pericles and Sophocles ( although coming from different terminals of the spectrum ) both consider the person and the province in their plants and come to similar decisions with some exclusions on the different facets of the relationship. They both praise trueness. engagement in province personal businesss. and honest decease. To observe. in my research I found more look of Sophocles’s positions which correlate with Pericles’s in Antigone and non so much in Oedipus the King. All three of three of the pieces were written in times when the definition of freedom. independency. democracy were still new and non good defined in their several societies. But still in each piece the message is similar and really clear. That message is that it is necessary and good for people to give themselves for their beliefs and the good of their society.

Participating in NaNoWriMo 2018 Caution! - Jerry Jenkins

Participating in NaNoWriMo 2018 Caution! - Jerry Jenkins Participating in NaNoWriMo 2019? Caution! This wildly popular phenomenon,National Novel Writing Month, starts November 1, and you’re urged to write an entire novel by the end of the month. Wouldn’t it be great to actually finish a 50,000-word novel in 30 days? Since 1999, that very idea has inspired millions of writers from all over the world to embark on this journey. In 2015alone, more than 430,000 finished their manuscripts, and NaNoWriMo refers to them as novelists. Sounds fabulous, right? Need help writing your novel?Click here to download my ultimate 12-step guide. NaNoWriMo Benefits Well, I can’t argue with the upsides: The NaNoWriMo folks â€Å"believe stories matter.† So do I. And in the last 18 years since this effort began, countless writers have raved to me that NaNoWriMo was the vehicle that finally motivated them to actually finish. That’s no small thing. Over my four decades teaching writing, I’ve learned that the single most debilitating barrier to writers finishing writing their novels has been fear- fear that kills impetus. I can’t count the number who have told me they can’t get started, let alone finish. And as my film director son says about movies, simply producing one is a major accomplishment, let alone a good one. He compliments novice filmmakers for merely finishing. The same is true about writing a novel. So, yes, I’m all for anything that motivates a would-be novelist to start and (more importantly) to finish. NaNoWriMo Downsides However, I also have reservations. Now, hear me, I’m not trying to talk you out of trying this. If it’s the trigger that results in your first finished novel, bravo! But let’s take a closer look: NaNoWriMo reports that over the years, 250 of its participants have seen their manuscripts sell to traditional publishing houses. That means the authors were paid to be published rather than paying to be printed. Nothing to sneeze at. Until you do the math. A rule of thumb in book publishing is that an unsolicited manuscript has about a 1 in 1,000 chance of landing a traditional book deal. While the figure may be unscientific, it’s not hyperbole. That’s why I teach writing and publishing- so you can improve your odds. What are the odds your NaNoWriMo 2019 manuscript will be traditionally published? Without knowing the total number of novels written since the effort began (this is its 17th year), it’s impossible to say. But one thing I can say for certain: The odds are way worse than 1 in 1,000. In fact, if every success story had happened last year alone- in other words, had all 250 published novels come from only the 431,626 NaNoWriMo manuscripts completed last year- your chances of ultimate success would be 1 in more than 1,725. But those 250 traditionally published novels have come from all the NaNoWriMo manuscripts written since 1999. While not every year would have represented more than 400,000 writers, surely the total is in the millions. My NaNoWriMo 2019 Caution? Need help writing your novel?Click here to download my ultimate 12-step guide. As a writing coach, my goal is to help get your work to where it’s marketable to traditional publishers. That’s the sole purpose of this blog and The Jerry Jenkins Writers Guild. So, far be it from me to criticize a well-intentioned program like NaNoWriMo. It appears to me their goal is not to see you finish a pristine manuscript ready for the marketplace. Their aim, and it’s a worthy one, is to encourage. NaNoWriMo serves to prove to you that you can both start and finish a novel of at least 50,000 words. And that’s just what many writers need. If you believe it would work for you, motivate you, get you to finally get going on your novel, I say go for it. My caution is to not make more of the result than it deserves. The benefit: You knock out a first draft. The danger: You assume your work is done. Bottom line: I applaud NaNoWriMo for what it’s meant to so many writers who need a deadline to finally finish novel manuscripts. I urge you to see the result as only that for now. Finishing your novel doesn’t make you a novelist. You’re still an aspiring novelist, and I’d LOVE to see you fulfill your dream. I’ve harped on this before: If getting traditionally published were easy, anyone could do it. The last part of the process that can be done quickly is getting your first draft down. Just realize that if you were building a house, what you would have after a month of frenzied work is the foundation and shell. Your novel’s foundation has been laid, and its studded shell is standing. Now how long will it take to wire it, plumb it, drywall it, trim it, paint it, and furnish it? A lot longer than a month, I can tell you that. And I’ve averaged an output of four books a year since 1974. Some things can’t- and simply shouldn’t- be rushed. If you’re gearing up for next month’s NaNoWriMo 2019 challenge, I wish you the best. Check back here the first week of December for what to do next. My hope is that your foundation and frame are ready for a lot of finish work. Will you participate in NaNoWriMo 2019? What will your writing schedule look like? Let me know in the comments below.

Leadership Lessons from Abraham Lincoln Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership Lessons from Abraham Lincoln - Article Example This article was published in the April 2009 issue of Harvard Business Review. The article includes an interview conducted between the author of the article and Doris Kearns Goodwin, who is the author of a 2005 bestseller book. The author has developed the interview by asking various questions relating to how President Abraham Lincoln was the best president America has ever seen and what made him develop such good qualities of leadership. Goodwin has also replied quite well to the questions asked and has quoted various examples along with presenting similarities and the dissimilarities between Abraham Lincoln and President Obama. The article is based on a number of insights, the basic one being that the lessons of leadership that were learned from Abraham Lincoln can not only be applied to the political viewpoint but also has the capacity to be utilized in other fields of life. Goodwin brings to the audience’s attention that both the former and current presidents always prefer those people who are best at what they do regardless of their dislikes towards the president himself. The basic purpose of choosing such colleagues was to work with people who had the ability to disagree and argue with the president at times when he was considered wrong. The next key concept that has been discussed in the interview is that even though the colleagues question our decisions and thinking regarding the situation, at the end of the day it is the leader who has to make the decisions and stand firm on that decision. The author quotes an example regarding the abolishment of slavery in the United States where many cabinet members opposed Lincoln but he made his decisions on what he felt was right. The author talks about other characteristics of Abraham Lincoln such as his emotional intelligence, which allowed him to learn from his mistakes, his charisma that made him loved by all even his competitors and

The QWERTY keyboard Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The QWERTY keyboard - Essay Example A quintessentially American invention, the QWERTY design demonstrates one of the key principles of human development: the triumph of culture over logic and the survival of a tradition which may not be the fittest for purpose, but certainly wins the prize for durability under pressure. The initial design of the typewriter keyboard was motivated by an intention to slow down the writing process, for technical reasons due to the tendency of the metal keys to stick if they were moved too fast (Baron 27). Through trial and error, early type writer inventor Christopher Latham Sholes from Milwaukee came up with the mechanically optimal arrangement of characters: in four rows, all in upper case (David 333). A further refinement was added by production partner Remington in the form of a letter combination which allowed the word â€Å"TYPEWRITER† to be formed using only the top row of characters. (David 27). So it was that the combined demands of technology limitations and sales ambition led to the final QWERTY format. As is the way of things in the modern world, technology moved on rather rapidly, and competitors soon appeared on the horizon, eager to take the ideas that had gone before and transform them into something better and cheaper than existing models. The so-called â€Å"Ideal† keyboard appeared in the 1870s, using the sequence DHIATENSOR in the top row, based on a calculation of the frequency of letter use in the English language: these ten letters were sufficient to produce over 70 per cent of words in English (David 334). Other ideas which have emerged since then include the use of an arrangement based on alphabetical order and the famous Dvorak layout which places the most common consonants in the central right hand position and the vowels on the left. The aim of this distribution is to shorten the distance between the most common letters, and encourage left and right hands to work in sequence (Bridger 380) with the result that typing on this k eyboard layout becomes both faster and more accurate than the original QWERTY arrangement. The Dvorak arrangement (see figure 1 below) was named after its creator Dr August Dvorak, and the patent was filed in 1936, at a time when industrial factory-style systems were common, and typing pools were set up as a way of speeding up business communications. Fig. 1 QWERTY and Dvorak keyboards compared. Source: Bridger, p. 381. On the face of it, these alternative layouts look like eminently sensible improvements based on a desire to better match the machine layout to the natural attributes of the human hands and mind. In practice, however, these later layouts have been rejected by mainstream typewriter and later also computer production in favour of the early QWERTY version. This raises the question why the older model has stuck, and improvements have been rejected. The answer comes down to a combination of different factors. Some of these are due to the momentum that the QWERTY layout gai ned in the critical years of atomization in the United States. As companies were set up they designed integrated systems which fed into each other, so that for example sales, processing of orders and invoicing were conducted by letter and telephone, and instead of handwritten ledgers, typewritten documents were used, and then retained in filing systems. People were appointed to undertake these tasks, equipment was bought, training was provided and everyone

How Is the Continual Battle of Nature vs Human Technology Represented Essay Example for Free

How Is the Continual Battle of Nature vs Human Technology Represented Essay Explain how Bradbury uses this story to question human’s reliance on technology The house was created for the sole purpose of serving mankind. The house cannot save the family, or humans, from the viciousness of a nuclear bomb. By the time the reader is exposed to the house, the owners have been eradicated, â€Å"their images burned on wood in one titanic instant†. The house continues to make breakfast, have little robotic mice that clean the house, and even read poetry for, essentially, no one. When the story begins, it appears that machinery has triumphed over humans. Humankind might have fallen beneath the powerful nuclear bomb, but technology has not. Furthermore, while the family relied on the house to take care of them, the house does not require them to survive. However, as the story proceeds, the reader watches as the house is attacked by a fire. As the house scrambles to save itself, there is a sense of panic. â€Å"Doors sprang tightly shut† and â€Å"blind robot faces peered down with faucet mouths gushing green chemical†. In the end, the house succumbs to the blaze and crumbles. The only bit of technology remaining is the dying voice of the house, proclaiming the current day to be â€Å"August 5, 2026†. While technology has ultimately lost the battle of survival, humans lost the war long ago. Bradbury uses this story as a warning of just how little technology and nature care for the endurance of humanity. â€Å"Not one would mind, neither bird nor tree, if mankind perished utterly. And Spring herself, when she woke at dawn. Would scarcely know that we were gone. † This is seen throughout the story, as the house continues to function without the aid of the family that owns it. Humans developed this technology to help them, but the technology does not care if humans are around to use its services. Ultimately, Bradbury warns not about the advancement of technology but rather the complete dependence on it. The conveniences that the house provides appear to be beneficial, but in the end are completely useless. Bradbury also points out the lack of â€Å"humanity† within the machinery of the house. Instead of a family having to cook and clean, the house does it for them. There is no love within the house. While it would require more work, perhaps it would be more meaningful for a family to work together to keep their house running properly. Instead of being a mere house, it would become a home. Techniques Bradbury uses throughout the story? 1)Personification 2)Foreshadowing 3)Suspense 1)The most often used literary technique to describe the house is personification, where you give inanimate objects human-like characteristics. The stove is given human actions, In the kitchen the breakfast stove gave a hissing sigh and ejected from its warm interior. This passage shows that Bradbury has given a breakfast stove the ability to hiss a sigh. Stoves are not physically able to sigh. Rain is personified, And the rain tapped on the empty house, echoing. The rain did not literally tap on the house, it means that the rain was making noise as it fell and came into contact with the house. 2)Bradbury uses is foreshadowing, hinting clues that suggest events that will later happen. The voice-clock sang, worriedly, Ticktock, seven o clock, time to get up, time to get up, seven o clock! As if it were afraid that nobody would. This shows that the house was sensing something was going to be different today. It foreshadows that something bad may happen. There is a fire in the house, Smoke and silence. A great quantity of smoke. . The silence is foreshadowing that the house has given up and died. Foreshadowing is used by Bradbury to hint later events. 3)Bradbury uses suspense to create an effective story. The dog is injured from the nuclear bomb. â€Å"†¦once huge and fleshy, but now gone to bone and covered with sores†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This creates suspense because it makes the reader wonder if the dog is going to survive. When a fire is ablaze in the house. â€Å"The fire burst the house and het it slam flat down, puffing out skirts of spark and smoke†. It makes the reader wonder what will happen next and how the house is going to result. Suspense is used to build up the excitement of the reader making them want to read on to find out. In conclusion, personification, fore shadowing and suspense are used to create â€Å"There Will Come Soft Rains†. Bradbury uses literary elements to make a successful short story.

Stolen and Forged Artwork Essay -- Art Essays

Stolen and Forged Artwork Since the beginning of its existence, art collecting has been a rather dangerous endeavor. Artwork fakes and even stolen art have been documented since the days of ancient Rome. Even then, the Romans often sought classical Greek artwork and sculptures, and more often than not, works purchased were by Roman artists trying to imitate classic Greek works (Kaufman 36). Today, modern day forgers are still trying to fool art enthusiasts and are becoming increasingly sophisticated in their methods. Acting as a double edged sword, advances in science allow for easier detection of a forged work; however, the same techniques are used by the forgers to make their works more authentic looking. Recently, art forger Ely Sakhai was charged by American authorities for a multi million dollar scam in which he fooled collectors and auctions houses, including Christie’s in London, into buying fakes. He has been accused of buying masterpieces by artists such as Monet, Renoir, and Gaugin, before selling copies. A recent incident in May of 2000 involved the artist Gaugin’s Vase de Fleurs. The painting was offered for auction at both Christie’s and Sotheby’s at the same time. The painting at Christie’s was deemed a fake and the sale was cancelled, but Sotheby’s went ahead with the sale, making 169,000 dollars for Sakhai. He currently faces twenty years in jail if convicted, along with a 1.1 million pound fine for twenty-five faked paintings (Black 22). After the boom of sales for Impressionist paintings in the 1980s, an increase in demand for fine art is encouraging an industry in fakes. Helped along by art dealers interested only in their personal profit, questionable works are passed along to buyers compl... ... Luckily, museum curators recognize this. Works from exhibitions are constantly being removed and re-evaluated in order to preserve the integrity of art history. As long as art is in demand, regardless of the efforts of art historians and scientists alike, the forgery industry continues to expand. Before long, the question will no longer be, â€Å"is it fake?† but rather, â€Å"is it real?† Works Cited Black, Edward. â€Å"Art Dealer who Forged Ahead with Scam.† The Scotsman 62 (2004): 22-23. Conklin, John E. Art Crime. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1994. Dam, Julie K.L. â€Å"The Faking Game† Time (1997). Granger, Doug â€Å"Art Forgery† International Foundation for Art Research 03.30.04 Kauffman, Joshua. â€Å"Putting the Legal Squeeze on Stolen Art† Art Business News 36. Wilson, Claire. â€Å"Documenting Museum Forgeries† Art and antiques (2001): 34.

International Trade Law

Law chosen to govern a transactions is clearly state the legal consequences of their contractual activities for example the right, obligation, and remedies for involve parties, and they can choose the law of particular country or international law to govern their contract. International trade law (CISG) includes the appropriate rules and customs for handling trade between states and it forms part of domestic law if the involve parties are from the contracting state of CISG.With assistance from Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT) for filling gap in the coverage of issues by the CISG which is the validity of contract, effect of contract on property and goods, exclusively or non-sale aspects for distribution agreement, and inability of sell for death or personal injury cause by the goods on any person. The domestic law that governs the transactions in Malaysia is the Contract Act 1950 and supplement from Sale of Goods Act (SOGA) 1957 (revised 1989) which is based on the English Sales of Goods Act.As a Malaysian lawyer, I recommend you choose the Contract Act 1950 and SOGA as the governing law because the business you based is on Malaysia home soil and it creates a familiar factor to you. Besides that, Contract Act 1950 and SOGA already govern the basic contract of goods and contract of insurance but they did not cover the contract of carriage. However, because of Malaysia still practices the Hague Rules by virtue of the Carriage of Goods By Sea Act 1950 (Revised 1994), you have to choose the Hague Rules to govern your contract of carriage even though there are prominent weaknesses.For contract of carriage, there is standard term used on trading call as International Commercial Terms (INCOTERMS), and Cost, Insurance and Freight (CIF) and Free On Board (FOB) are the generally used term in the trade. So, I recommend you to practice FOB even through your product price will slightly lower due to bargain from buyer, but the cost will reflect on save at the transport o f the products. Besides, the main benefit is you do not need to make arrangement on carriage and thus this will reduced the burden to you as a seller’s responsibilities.Policies and regulations have the very close relationship because regulations are come under the policies. The policies and regulations at Malaysia are based on an open and encourage motive, so, normally you can smoothly doing your business on export the product out of Malaysia to foreign countries. This is see through the durian is one of the fruits that identifies by the Third National Agricultural Policy (1998-2010) (NAP3) as important role in creating competitiveness of the Malaysia fruit and vegetable industry in the ASEAN.However, you need to take care about different policies and regulations of your dealing countries which are ASEAN countries and China in order to gain the benefits from all your dealing exporter countries which are actually on the free trade area as ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and also ASEAN-China Free Trade Area (ACFTA). Firstly, other than the list of preferential tariffs products that under the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) scheme , the 40% rules of origin are also one regulation that need to comply with in able to benefit from preferential market access.So, you need to obtain a different certificate of origin from Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) to trade at both free trade areas. Besides certificate of origin, there are regulations for the quality of trading goods on AFTA and ACFTA. Start from sign of AFTA and ACFTA, the ASEAN countries and China fruits market move to more open market as can see through the fruits quality control have been replace to which is more harmonize and standardize call as Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measurers (SPS).This is to prevent countries to protect their domestic agricultural producers from imports with stringent phytosanitary measures which are non-science based, discriminatory and non-transpar ent. So, you now can be more efficiently and effectively on export your product to these particular countries. ? Answer 2: International agreement different to domestic contract that only contracting within the familiar home country itself, it is more complicated in contracting with various countries and sometimes may be in unfamiliar countries.So in contracting International agreement, there normally required for more trade documents that covers wider range that classified under four main groups which is Financial, Commercial, official, and Transport and insurance documents. Compared to International agreement, domestic contract normally required fewer types of documents especially only commercial and insurance type. This is because domestic contract only contracting the goods move within country territory and did not cross over he national boarder, so documents like certificated of origin in Official group of documents, bill of landing (BOL) or airway bills (AWB) in Transport grou p of documents are not needed. Term of payment decide on International agreement is more complicated than for domestic contract in reasons of more person involve in the payment process for International agreement. This process can explained though the general example of payment term which is letter of credit (LC) that involve bank parties assistance by act as a middle man in the payment process.The next main difference between both is the risk face by each other. International agreement is exposed to a number of risks such as buyer’s risk, transport risk and transfer risk that may be also faced by domestic contract. However, these similar risks faced by the domestic contract will be lower in term of cost factor and some other risks such as exchange rate risk and country or sovereign risk will exclude to domestic contract that only contracting at local currency and local policies.Besides that, the transportation and delivery aspect must follow the international standard for ex ample the standardized dimensions of shipping pallets for International agreement, but this requirement is not so strict for the domestic contract. Product packaging and labeling aspect is also not so concern by domestic contract because it normally travels across short distance. However, for International agreement that the goods travel at long distance, export packaging must be suitable for the particular mode of transport in order to provide maximum protection.There are four different types of contracting methods available which is negotiating a complete contract, choosing international law to govern the contract, agree on standard form or terms, and standard industry contracts. Negotiating a complete contract is not suitable to you because your business was just at the beginning stages of entering the new market, so there are many ‘unknown’ on the others’ domestic law that will cause unfair situation in the contracting, thus this will also incurred even more time in making the final agreement.For your situation that deals with many countries, standard industry contracts seem more suitable to you but there are still not any single association that published the standard contracts of durian even though there are already mature grow of durian industry in ASEAN. Then, Standard terms contracting method is suitable to you not only because it is a speedy and convenient way of contracting, but it also benefit to you as an fferor that has priority in the ‘last shot doctrine’ in the courts. Besides, the objective of choosing international law to govern the contract is to provide more comfortably for other parties to enter the contracts, rather than selecting particular domestic law. So, as I recommend you to choose the Malaysia law as governing law, this method is clearly not suitable because it controversy to governing law that you chosen.The object clauses can create legal and practical problems to you in term of quality and specif ication of the goods you export. Certificate of origin is basic requirement for export goods to other countries, and as discussed before, you needs to obtain a certificate of origin ‘Form D’ from Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) for trade on AFTA, and ‘Form E’ for trade on ACFTA in order to fulfill the CEPT scheme.In other simply meaning, you must to obtain the certificate of origin in order to enjoy the benefit of tariff in the free trade area and simply act as a ‘passport’ that show approval to entering particular market. The packing aspect of goods’ specification creates the problem on the transport of durian to other countries by the strong odour of durian leaking out from the poor packaging.So you need to practice the suitable packaging method for your export durian especially your fresh durian that exported by air shipment. Besides that, you must prepare for the future of sustainable packaging that reflect in the designed in a holistic way and be made from responsibly sourced materials that are safe and effective throughout its lifecycle, meet criteria for performance and cost, meet consumers’ choice and expectations and, finally, it has to be recovered efficiently after use.For the price clauses, you better determine the price that can change over time subject to review and modification because there are fluctuate in the currency exchange among all the different countries that will cause huge lost if there are big differences between the current currency and the currency that agree on the fixed price agreement. Payment clauses also need to be aware because the method of payment will affect your receivable ability, and letter of credit seem more suitable for you because it emphasis more on the seller side through the process that provide more insure on receiving of payment for seller side.Penalty for late payment in this clauses will not only provide extra insure to you through the c harges gain for the late payment, but it also help in your financial arrangement due to the on-time payment and assurance of creditability of the buyer through the slightly higher of penalty being set. Delivery and shipment clauses will also raise problem through period time that involve in transport the perishable durian product.So, in order to maintained the product freshness especially when transport at long distance like to China, the date and also time must specify in detail referred to the time of harvest and the available of transportation to prevent any extra days or hours it incurred to transport the product. Besides that, port of shipment is also a critical element in this clause because the distance between the choosing port and the distribution centre determine the product freshness also.For example in China, you can choose the port of Guangzhou because it is considering being a centre for exporting Malaysian durian to China. As I suggest you to choose Malaysian law as t he governing law, you need to state this clearly in the clause of governing law. Besides, after state of the governing law is Malaysian law, follow by the jurisdiction will state Malaysia court is the place to resolve dispute. If this never state in the contract, it will depend on court to decide which law apply.The clause of passing of title and risk is also a vital term to consider when there are accidents happen to the goods on the carrier stage or incident of unpaid seller. ? Bibliography 1. AB Teoh. 2008. Exporting and International Trade [access on 15 July 2010] 2. Essential international trade law by Michelle Sanson. 2002 by Cavendish Publishing (Australia) Pty Limited. Available www. cavendishpublish. com. [access on 15 July 2010]

Do you think that cities can ever become sustainable?

In relation to cities, sustainability refers to development that lets the people living now get the things they need but without reducing the ability of people in the future to get what they need i. e. growth in a way that doesn't irreversibly damage the environment or use up resources faster than can be replaced. For example, an urban area that is growing by generating all its power from finite sources will exhaust its supply and could accelerate climate change. Megacities require so many resources that it is unlikely they will ever develop in a truly sustainable way, but there are things that can be done to make them develop in a way that is more sustainable. In order for urban areas to become more sustainable the key issues that need to be tackled are overcrowding, transport problems, crime and pollution. Exploring sustainability projects at different points along the urbanisation pathway in cities such as Shanghai (LEDC), Putrajaya (NIC), Chattanooga and London (MEDC) will give an insight as to whether city sustainability is more likely to be achieved in MEDCs or LEDCs. Whilst MEDCs may have the necessary resources and technology to make an impact on becoming more sustainable, their starting point is a much bigger ecological footprint. Therefore, there may be more potential in LEDCs becoming sustainable as they have a more appropriate use of intermediate technology. Shanghai, at the heart of China's economic surge, has realised that a key aspect of sustainability is transport. Their major challenge was to reduce energy demands and greenhouse gas emissions but at the same time maintain mobility within the city. The city developed an eco-friendly transport system which includes a network of 11 metro lines at a total of 325km which is integrated with a bus based mass transit system, reducing the need for people to use personal cars. A railway link to the new international airport, which involves the world's first commercial magnetic levitation trains capable of reaching 550kmh reducing travel time and greenhouse gas emissions, has been built. A reduction in the number of cars on the roads has occurred due to increasing licensing fees and restricted access to the city centre, whilst the electronic guidance system helps avoid congestion and keeps road traffic flowing. Whilst it is common for cities to encourage people to cycle by introducing cycle lanes, the 9 million cyclists in Shanghai may soon face a ban from major roads as the authorities struggle to control congestion and reduce the rising car ownership of the middle classes proving that their attempts to become more sustainable are failing. Furthering the transport systems, Shanghai is planning to create a new city designed to be completely sustainable, it will be called Dongtan and will be the size of Manhattan. It was to have been built on Chongming Island, near Shanghai, in the Yangtze River Delta. The first phase, comprising a city of 25,000 people, was due to have opened for the Shanghai Expo in 2010. By 2030 it was intended to house 500,000 residents. However no construction of the eco-city has taken place yet, so the project has fallen much behind schedule. It is claimed to be the world's first genuinely eco-friendly city powered by renewable energy sources (mainly HEP) and will be as close to carbon neutral as possible. However the waters are rich in aquatic life and it is an important feeding ground for migrating wetland birds, the construction of this city may cause a loss in habitats and safe resting places for the birds causing a loss in species diversity making this eco-friendly city not as sustainable as was hoped. Malaysia has become one of the many countries that have deliberately created a new capital city. In 1995 it was decided that the national government function should be moved from Kuala Lumpur, which remains the country's financial and commercial centre, to a greenfield site 25km south of the city. Putrajaya has a population of 67 964, and is located within a high tech zone 15km wide and 50km long known as the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC), Malaysia's ‘silicone valley' stretching southwards from the centre of KL and includes KL international airport, Putrajaya and Cyberjaya (a ‘smart' city specialising in education, research and high tech business). The spine of the MSC is an electronic superhighway (fibre optic network) that provides high speed computer links. A large lake is being created, surrounding an artificial island, which will play an important role in flood and pollution control, an environmental benefit, as well as providing recreational and aesthetic value. 40% of the 500 hectare site will be left as green space in an attempt to counteract any greenhouse gases emitted. The main five precincts will be situated in the core and will contain offices, banks, shopping centres and sports complexes. The peripheral area will contain residential neighbourhoods with housing for all incomes, with community centres, parks, places of worship, schools, hospitals and other amenities. There will only be a small amount of housing available for those on low incomes which means there will be a degree of exclusion as the city will be mostly enjoyed by the affluent. The city aims to be indigenous with a modern look, based on new town ventures in the US and UK, with the running efficiency allowing a relatively low rate of consumption of natural resources. However, the environmental impacts will be considerable as the construction and development of the city will involve utilising and modifying a Greenfield site. Nevertheless, high levels of recycling and better flood and pollution control will have positive effects on the environment. Cities in the MEDW will have a hard time ever becoming truly sustainable as they use vast amounts of energy to power the technology used every day. Chattanooga in Tennessee is a classic example of how a city can become more sustainable. In 1969 the US Environmental Agency named Chattanooga as the ‘dirtiest city in America', just over 21 years later it was applauded as the nation's best ‘turn around story'. Credit for the re-imaging of the city has to go to the partnership between the city authority and the Lyndhurst Foundation (sponsored by coca-cola) as well as many individuals. It has tackled issues such as building affordable housing, providing public education and alternative transport systems, conserving natural parks and green areas to help reduce the ecological footprint, reducing pollution and improving recycling facilities and development of the riverfront. Top down strategies such as the Clean Air Act which forces manufacturers to invest heavily in pollution-control equipment, and bottom up measures e. g. Vision 2000 programme which calls for all citizens to visualise the city as they would like it to become, from the responses an agenda evolved resulting in major developments. 10km of waterfront along the Tennessee River was redesigned into an urban park cutting through the heart of the city, made up of playgrounds, spaces for outdoor performances, fishing piers and shaded walkways, transforming the once rundown downtown area. The Tennessee aquarium has attracted many visitors, encouraging the development of the old warehouses surrounding it into shopping malls, restaurants and apartments. Transport has been improved to be more sustainable, by means of an electric shuttle bus service capable of moving a third of downtown commuters at a tenth of the cost of diesel vehicles. It is claimed to be the electric bus capital of the world, with the city manufacturing 22 seater buses that are marketed all over the world. Over 3000 inner city housing units have been renovated, and a zero emissions eco industrial park and a grass roofed convention centre have also been constructed. The sustainability of the city has been enhanced especially in terms of outputs. The environment has benefited greatly from the substantially reduced industrial and vehicle emissions as well as increased green space leading to a decrease in the ecological footprint. Residents have benefited from renovations of the housing and the downtown are. I believe that whilst these urban areas and many others are attempting to become more sustainable, there is still much more that can be done to improve sustainability. For example, housing can be built to be carbon neutral by using solar panels and insulation to reduce the ecological footprint. Public transport could be improved further to produce little or no harmful gases, such as London buses which run on Hydrogen. Renewable energy sources should be used more such as LA uses HEP from Hoover Dam, and whilst renewable energy sources will never generate enough power to support large cities, they should definitely be used more by cities that have large ecological footprints. I feel that as we are so dependent on technology in today's society, cities will never truly become sustainable.

Essay on Roaring 20s

Essay on Roaring 20s Essay on Roaring 20s Essays 1. There were 5 main reasons as to why Germany wanted to break the chains of the Versailles treaty. The 1st was that the allied troops occupied the Rhineland. This was the Western part of Germany that was occupied by the allies for 15 years and Germany couldn’t have military in this area. The 2nd reason was that Germany had to give Alsace Lorane back to France. The 3rd reason was that Germany had a small army. They were no longer allowed to have offensive weapons like tanks, planes, and ships. The 4th reason was that the Germans lost Sarr which was a state in Western Germany with coal mines, and raw materials. The 5th reason was the Germans lost Silesia which was given to Poland. The 6th reason was that Germany couldn’t unite with Austria, which was a place with a lot of German background. If this treaty was different a war would not have started. Germany was irritated and the treaty completely took advantage of them. 2. Adolf Hitler was an Austrian born child, and was the 4th of 6 children in his family. At the age of 16, Hitler dropped out of school, and moved to Vienna to become an artist. He went to an art academy and failed to succeed. He slowly turned into a bum. Joined in the army during WWI and was a runner for the Western front. Hitler was awarded an Iron Cross for his bravery. After WWI, Hitler became a spy for the German government. During this period Hitler joined a rationalist group (Nazis) and would become the leader of this 6,000 person group in 1921. This group would become stronger, and would later attempt to overthrow the government and fail. Hitler was thrown in jail and during this period he wrote a novel called Mein Kamf or â€Å"My Struggle†. He wrote about space and race. If Hitler had died during the war, there

10 Anthologies About Writing

10 Anthologies About Writing 10 Anthologies About Writing 10 Anthologies About Writing By Mark Nichol It is quite possible to spend the rest of your life reading about how to write and never get around to actually writing especially with so many convenient collections of writers’ ruminations like the ones listed and described below. 1. Bad Girls: 26 Writers Misbehave Twenty-six authors share confessions about their transgressions in this collection. 2. Behind the Mystery: Top Mystery Writers Mystery writer Stuart Kaminsky’s conversations with friends and colleagues from old-school authors like Elmore Leonard and Mickey Spillane to more recent talents such as Sue Grafton and Tony Hillerman are distinguished from similar interviews by their informality. 3. The Creative Writing Coursebook: Forty Authors Share Advice and Exercises for Fiction and Poetry Beginning, intermediate, and expert writers alike will benefit from this assortment of advice and activities from a diverse array of published authors. 4. The Paris Review Interviews This four-volume set, also available in individual volumes, features interviews with a who’s who of twentieth-century literature by George Plimpton, longtime editor of the Paris Review. 5. The Resilient Writer: Tales of Rejection and Triumph by 23 Top Authors Arthur Golden, Bret Easton Ellis, Amy Tan, and a score of other successful writers share the agony of rejection and the ecstasy of acceptance. 6. Why We Write: 20 Acclaimed Authors on How and Why They Do What They Do Twenty top writers answer a set of ten questions about their motivations for writing and about the favorite and least favorite aspects of their work. 7. Writers on Writing: Collected Essays from The New York Times 8. Writers on Writing, Volume II: More Collected Essays from The New York Times In these two collections of essays originally published in the New York Times in its weekly â€Å"Writers on Writing† feature, some of the greatest writers of our age explore both the practical and the artistic aspects of what it means to be a writer. 9. Writers On Writing: A Bread Loaf Anthology Twenty-five poets, short story writers, and novelists offer a series of literary workshops in book form, sharing their thoughts about the writing process. 10. The Writing Life: Writers on How They Think and Work This collection of entries of â€Å"The Writing Life,† a Washington Post column, shares the thoughts of dozens of celebrated fiction and nonfiction writers. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Book Reviews category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Math or Maths?The Letter "Z" Will Be Removed from the English AlphabetEducational vs. Educative

Film review Movie Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Film - Movie Review Example Here, time stopped, and life became a pursuit of pleasure. The head characters include Kenneth Branargh, Denzel Washington, Emma Thompson, Michael Keaton and Keanu Reeves, who find the right way to play out the misunderstandings, passionate love affairs, reconciliations and renunciations (film). When the movie starts, Beatrice and her friends are relaxing, when news of the arrival of Don Pedro, the Prince of Aragon (Denzel Washington), comes. He had come to spend time at Leonato’s (Richard Briers) villa. This was after squashing an uprising organized by Don John (Keanu Reeves). . For Benedick and Beatrice, they have been acquaintances for some time, and it takes their friends’ prodding to admit their feelings to each other. She is submitted to Benedick, just as he is to her. This couple is engaging, such that their differences are unnoticeable. However, for Hero and Claudio, they have an immediate attraction, love at first sight, but still have a lot know about each other. Claudio’s love then turns into loathe, but does not tell this Hero until their wedding day, when he denounces her (film). The whole production was as though Branargh sought to come with a bizarre diversion. It could be assumed that he knew the conventional comedy routines would prompt anything, apart from laughter. For the characters, Keanu Reeves is elegant and handsome and speaks his lines with authority. Just like Claudio and Hero, Beckinsale and Claudio behave with naà ¯ve genuineness, though they usually look numb at hearing the words that they speak. In general, the movie has done Shakespeare well, and it is

Ass 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ass 3 - Essay Example It cost the firm $180,500 to create the ad. A Mexican Company, Avocado also runs its commercials during Super Bowl events. Last year, the firm advertised a warm-weather fruit during the middle of winter. In a press release, the firm reported that it sold more than 70 million avocados in the United States. Avocado Mexico spends about $70,000 to create ads (OReilly & Lutz, 2015). McDonalds’s that has recently undergone a huge marketing refresh bids to turn around its sales. The firm has created a one-minute spot in order to promote its new ‘Pay with Loving Promotion.’ It cost the firm $130,000 to create the ad. The company would be selecting participants for the ‘Pay with Loving’ at some of its stores. The firm aims at increasing its sales. To that effect, during the Super Bowl match pitting Seahawks and New England Patriots an estimated 110 million people watched the game (LeBeau, 2015). Therefore, the advertisers expected their products to be known to the more than 100 million people who were watching the match. An increase in product awareness may result in increased sales. However, the Super Bowl ads are only limited to American broadcasts. All the three firms: Avocado Mexico, Coca-Cola, and McDonald’s created 60-second. The cost of creating a 30-minute advert is about $37,500 in Super Bowl and $4.5 million in Super Bowl XLIX. It implies that the cost of a one-minute commercial is between $76,000 and $9 million in Super Bowl and Super Bowl XLIX, respectively. Coca-Cola used $740,000, Macdonald’s $240,000, and Avocado Mexico $100,000 (OReilly & Lutz, 2015). Considering the huge crowds that follow Super Bowl, most firms expect the huge viewership to translate into sales due to expanded customer base. In 2015, the game’s viewership was at a record 114.4 million. The companies expect to recoup their costs from the resulting revenue. However, the

The Exploration and drilling process Research Paper

The Exploration and drilling process - Research Paper Example However since technology is known to be dynamic this research paper recommend that other research papers similar to this should be conducted every now and then to encompass the new impacts emerging. Several authors have discussed the process of oil exploration in various contexts. Ofstad (20)explained thatnew models should be establishedwith new discoveries experiencedin new exploration.Poletto and Miranda (1), showed that oil and gas exploration consists of three main phases that are the geophysical exploration with geological interpretation of processed data, drilling phase and production phase. However, Bjorndal (56) explained that the typical pattern for individual fields, regions and provinces is that exploration activities uncover more oil reserves than predicted by the geophysical approach. Hyne (233) discussed the drilling preliminaries, the mechanics for drilling an oil well, the drilling problems and the drilling techniques. However, none of the scholars relates the current technological advancement with the improvements in the process of oil exploration and drilling. This is the reason why I have decided to undertake this research so that I can indicate the various progresses that have been achieved in the process of oil exploration and drilling because of improvement in the levels of technology. One of my specific objectives is to explore how technology has improved the collection, analysis and interpretation of seismic data in determining the presence of oil deposits. My other specific objective is to determine how technology has influenced the process of oil drilling and various preparations involved as well as the choice for the equipment to use during the process. The process of oil exploration involves three phases. The first phase is geophysical explorations with geological interpretation of geological data. This phase identifies a geological region in which to drill oil wells and after a

Finding the Gravitational Constant: Cavendish Experiment

Finding the Gravitational Constant: Cavendish Experiment Matt Cramb    The experiment explored the story of gravity, how it was discovered and derived from observations and experimentations, and attempted to recreate those initial tests. This was done to determine whether an increase in mass will increase the force of gravity, a statement which was supported by the experimental data, despite the numerous flaws inherent in the experimental design. Finding Gravity Gravity is one of the four fundamental forces of nature, and Nave, R (2017) also explains that it is the force responsible for constructing and regulating the movement of galaxies, stars, and planets. In 1687, Isaac Newton formulated his famous Equation of Universal Gravitation based, purported by Physics Classroom (2016), on an injury in an apple orchard. Whatever the circumstances, it had far reaching impacts on the science of the time. But something crucial was missing from his equation. Newton knew from scientists before him that the force exerted by gravity grew weaker as distance between objects affected by gravity increased, or represented mathematically; Where: This was nothing new for science of the time, but Newtons major discovery was that of the universality of gravity, which indicated that all objects which possess mass also exerted gravitational forces. This discovery led to another addition to the equation, because Kurtus, R (2016) reports Newton realized that objects with less mass exerted weaker gravitational forces. Therefore, he postulated that; Where: To convert this theory into an equation, Newton only needed one more piece. A constant was needed to calculate the exact gravitational forces on objects. This constant was called the gravitational constant, or G. In the equation, G presents as follows: However, the value for G wasnt found until much later, by Lord Henry Cavendish, over a century later.       The Cavendish Experiment In Cavendishs experiment, according to Shectman, J (2003) two spheres were attached at opposite ends of a beam which is suspended from the ceiling of a custom-built shed by a thin wire. Masses are placed to the sides of the spheres, to attract them, exerting gravitational forces sufficient to rotate the beam to a measurable degree. Cavendish measured the movement of the beam using a telescope positioned far from the shed. To use this apparatus to calculate G, a formula must be created, using torque, oscillation period, torsion constant, inertia and gravitational forces. The torque on the beam can be measured by the angle of deflection of the torsion wire, using Hookes Law: Where: However, torque can also be measured by the following expression: Where: Torque can also be calculated as a vector product with this equation: Where: And because, in this experimental setup, r and F are perpendicular vectors, there are two F, and r is half the length of the beam: Combining these two formula together results in the following: From Newton, the formula for force was also known, and could be substituted in from above. The torsion constant was measured by Cavendish by disturbing the beam, then measuring the period of oscillation. This can be done using the below equation. Where: This moment of inertia can be calculated from the sum moments of the two spheres at each end of the beam. The moment of inertia for each sphere is calculated by the equation: Since each sphere had equal mass, the total I is equal to: Inserting this into the period formula and rearranging for the torsion coefficient gives: When inserted into the formula for torsion coefficient above, gives the following: With this equation, the measurements needed to be taken from the experimental apparatus are: Variable: Explanation: Units: m Rad m kg s Using the experimental setup described above, according to Kurtus, R (1997) Cavendish determined: Preliminary Trials Failed Attempts For this experiment, two previous iterations of the experiment were run. The first was to determine the validity of running such an experiment, and the second was a full-scale experiment which provided no useful data. The first experiment was done using a meter-long beam and tennis balls attached to either end. A laser beam reflected off a mirror attached to the torsion wire, giving a result of angle. However, in practice, this rig did not come to a final resting position so that the period of oscillation could be measured. Instead the torque already present in the twine torsion wire twisted the beam against a chair leg, preventing it from fully coming to a balance of forces. The second experiment had results as follows: Variable: Explanation: Units: Results: m 1.25ÃÆ'-101 Rad 9.0ÃÆ'-10-2 m 1.765 kg 1.6 s 2.25ÃÆ'-102 m3kg-1s-2 2.419ÃÆ'-102 The value for G calculated by this experiment was vastly different to Cavendishs value of . This meant the experiment was concluded to be not statistically valid, for a variety of reasons. These experiments were refined and transformed into the final experimental setup. Theoretical Data Using Newtons formula for each of the three experiments which will be conducted can determine the value for . To do this, the masses and distance must be known ahead of time. These can be found below, and copied in the results section. OBJECT MASS (kg) Mass of Sinkers Mass of Cup 1 Mass of Cup 2 Mass of Bowling Pins Using Cavendishs above listed value of G, the projected data can be calculated. MASS (kg) FORCE OF GRAVITY ( Later, these will be compared with the experimental data. Based on the above background research, the magnitude of gravity in the system will increase proportional to an increase in the mass of the large masses. Or, as increases, will proportionally increase. This hypothesis has been supported by the background research, which has guided its creation through empirical data, and researched phenomena. However, because of the precision required to obtain an accurate result, research indicates the final calculated measurement for G will be vastly different from the real value. 25.5cm support beam12cm length of fishing line2x sinkers of mass 3.28g2x plastic cups2x bowling pins of mass 1.6kg1x stopwatch1x ruler1x camera1x plastic storage box approx. 70cm x 40cm 1m2 wire mesh Safety Before the experiment was conducted, a thorough risk assessment planner was completed and approved. Measures were taken to ensure no harm came to experimenter through heavy masses falling or water causing a slipping hazard. These measures included: Constant supervision Correct and appropriate use of safety equipment, which in this experiment meant wearing a lab coat throughout Safe handling of heavy masses and water. A risk assessment matrix provided by the Department of Education (2017) was also completed. Likelihood Consequence Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Critical Almost Certain Medium Medium High Extreme Extreme Likely Low Medium High High Extreme Possible Low Medium High High High Unlikely Low Low Medium Medium High Rare Low Low Low Low Medium The likelihood of injury was unlikely, as experimenter has previous experience. The consequence was also minor, indicating injuries not requiring medical attention (i.e. bruises, minor cuts). Therefore, the total risk was low, which indicates no further control measures need be put into place. However, in due diligence the above measures were still implemented. Procedure Firstly, to limit air flow; a major disturbance in the preliminary trials, the system was constructed inside a large plastic storage container. This container was placed a distance away from walls, to reduce the effects of other gravity sources. Then, two sinkers, whose masses were known, were attached to either end of a support beam, which was hung from the top of the box by a length of fishing line. This was suspended by the wire mesh atop the box. The fishing line was chosen as twine had been used in preliminary trials as the torsion wire, and had been shown to not be effective due to the latent torque. After letting the system come to a complete rest, it was disturbed by gently pushing one end of the support beam. The period of oscillation was measured by a stopwatch. To further reduce misrepresentation of data, six measurements were taken and averaged. The system was then allowed to come to rest again, and a measurement of the rest position taken by a camera from above. This would eliminate the need to reach into the box to take measurements and thus disturb the experiment. It also provided clearer results. Then, the two cups were introduced to the system 6.25cm away from the end of the support beam, at opposing sides and ends, so the attractive forces of the masses rotated the beam. The cups were initially filled with 250g of water, then 500g, then the cups were swapped with the 1.6kg bowling pins. Each iteration of the experiment, when the system came to rest for a third time, a measurement of the final rest position was taken using the camera. This data was recorded and processed by comparing photographs of the different rest positions and calculating angle of deflection. The results were then tabulated. Images of the experimental setup. Mass OBJECT MASS (kg) Mass of Sinkers Mass of Cup 1 Mass of Cup 2 Mass of Bowling Pins Period of Oscillation TEST NUMBER PERIOD (s) 1 20 2 22 3 21 4 21 5 21 6 21 Avg. 21 Rest Position TEST NUMBER MASSES USED ANGLE OF DEFLECTION (Rad) 1 No mass used 0.00 2 Cup 1 9.65 3 Cup 2 3.31 4 Bowling Pins 1.00 OTHER Data Variable: Explanation: Units: Results: m 0.0625 m 0.255 Magnitude of Gravity Using Newtons formula for each of the three experiments will determine the value for . Firstly, the value for G for each equation must be calculated. MASS (kg) VALUE OF G ( Now the force for gravity can be calculated. MASS (kg) FORCE OF GRAVITY ( findings The experiment shows that using Cavendishs method to determine the value for G was flawed, but that the experiment could have obtained an accurate value for G. These flaws will be examined below, but a basic rundown and description of data obtained will be given here. Magnitude of Gravity As can be seen by the graph at the end of the results section, the magnitudes of gravity measured do not accurately match the theoretical data obtained. These values, and the values for G, are vastly different to that originally measured by Cavendish (found in background research), likely because of the various flaws in the experimental design, which will be discussed in the Evaluation section. However, the results far more accurately correlate to the theoretical values than those in previous experiments, and the average trendlines do indicate that the trend matches that predicted. At 250g, the first mass, the experimental data differs wildly from the theoretical. Experimental Data Theoretical Data At 500g, the second mass, it drastically spikes, much higher than either of the other points. Experimental Data Theoretical Data At 1600g, the final point, the data dips down lower than expected again. Experimental Data Theoretical Data Its unclear from the background research conducted whether Cavendishs data deviated so much, but he also had a larger rig, which as discussed below, may have helped his experiments accuracy. Period of Oscillation The average period measured was 21 seconds, which is far shorter than the fifteen minutes measured by Cavendish. This is probably mostly due to the shorter beam, the effect of which can be seen with the torsion coefficient formula derived from the background research. The squared length of the beam demonstrates an exponential relationship between the torsion coefficient, an increase in which will decrease the period, which can be seen in the following formula for period of oscillation: Recording Equipment The equipment used to measure the period of oscillation may not have changed in the two hundred years since Cavendishs original experiment, however all other recording equipment did. A camera and digital analysis was used to take measurements, which may have causes slight issues with the orientation of frames in the software, but overall was more accurate than taking the measurements by hand when compared to the preliminary tests when this was done. The lengths were taken with a tape, and so were only calculated to two decimal places. However, this will likely not impact greatly on the results of the experiment, which can be shown mathematically. Using the same formula as above, and two length measurements as given below, the difference can be theorised. cm Value for k K (2 decimal places) Length 1 (two decimal places) (given by experiment) 6.25 2.35497 2.35 Length 2 (six decimal places) 6.247832 2.35334 2.35 Limitations Recommendations There are several reasons for why the value for G determined by this experiment differed so greatly from Cavendishs value, and these expose various flaws and strengths in the original design. They will be examined each using the following method: Name Explanation of Flaw Effects Comparison to Preliminary Trials Comparison to Cavendish Experiment Recommendation/Refinement Measuring Inaccuracies Various opportunities for error arose when observing and recording data in the experiment. Most of these examples, such as misreporting the period of oscillation by a fraction, would have a m Ethical Issues in Patient Information | Case Study Ethical Issues in Patient Information | Case Study Peeking in the EMR for all the right reasons Patrick Bobst Technology has embedded itself into everyday life and is integrated into everyday human activity. Corporate scandals, violations of intellectual property rights, and violations of customer, patient, employee privacy is uncovering challenging dilemmas and ethical decision-making in every the industry around the globe. Technological advancements not only increase the impact of carelessness, foolishness, recklessness and even malevolence but also enable anyone with access to learn much more and much faster than ever before(Curtain, 2005). Ethics enables individuals with the guidance of rational approaches to make the right justifiable decision. Ethical choices distinguished from other choices involve the continual conflict of fundamental values, as well as incorporating scientific inquiry that may be influential but cannot provide answers(Curtain, 2005). Most notably, ethical choices involve placing one value above another, and because values are of the utmost importance, any decision r eached will have profound, multiple and often on anticipated impact on human concern(Curtain, 2005). Case study Jessica Parker is a nurse that has the burdening task to solely support her three small children and is in severe financial distress since her divorce. Her ex-husband, Frank Parker has evaded court ordered child support obligations for over a year and has been able to evade authorities with no known address or phone number. Jessica’s house is about to be foreclosed upon, and her automobile repossessed. Although Jessica periodically picks up extra shifts, utilizes friends instead of childcare, and despite making multiple drastic cuts to her budget, she is unable to overcome the perils of increasing debt. One day a friend that informs her that Frank Parker received stitches in her emergency department after a minor motor vehicle accident (MVA). The next day she worked Jessica looked up her ex-husband in the EMR and proceeded to gather his needed contact information. Jessica immediately passes along the phone number, living address and employment information to her attorney which in turn succeeded in the actions of court ordered child support payments being automatically garnished from his wages along with a judgment for past due child support in an amount that will stabilize her current debt. Ethical dilemma When a couple chooses the responsibilities of being a parent, it is a commitment for life whether they are living together or separately. Jessica is in a stressful environment where she holds the custody of the children and the other parent is legally obligated to provide financial support to ensure a safe and healthy environment for the children. Jessica is clearly struggling financially and the situation will continue to worsen without the court ordered child support from ex-husband. She solved the dilemma of finding her ex-husband’s whereabouts by utilizing the hospitals EMR. By utilizing the EMR in an inappropriate manner, Jessica violated multiple provisions of the American Nurses Association (ANA) code of ethics including provision 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3. These provisions stipulate the patient’s right to privacy, the duty to maintain confidentiality of all patient information, and the protection of participants in research(Nursing World website, 2011). A breach of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) may have been committed under the privacy rule where â€Å"patients have a right to expect privacy protections that limit the use and disclosure of their health information†(McGonigle Mastrian, 2012, p. 173). â€Å"However, the privacy rule permits unauthorized disclosures of protected health information to public health authorities for specified public health activities including†¦. child abuse or neglect†(Lee Gostin, 2009, p. 82). Possible Alternatives At the point when Jessica suspected her husband might have been in the EMR system, an alternate path might be (1) hiring a private investigator. The ex-husbands MVA is a matter of police public record and private investigators are trained and have the resources to find information in ways others might not think about; (2) contact the local child support enforcement agency with the information of the MVA; (3) contact her attorney for a medical record subpoena. Hypothesize Ethical Arguments In this scenario, Jessica showed a clear breach to hospital policy, statutory and common-law duties of confidentiality and privacy. However, Jessica’s morals were dealing with the resolution of what is right and wrong in her own situation creating the dilemma of what is morally right and not looking at the evidence that indicates that she is also morally wrong. Depending on the discipline and point of view, the term value can have different meanings. Jessica’s objective moral values may include justice, freedom and welfare, which might be her basis for decision-making. The welfarism normative ethical approach applies to Jessica situation where morality is viewed and centrally concerned with the welfare or well-being of individuals, and where advancing the best interests of individuals makes the most fundamental sense(Keller, 2009). The ethical theoretical Principlistic approach validates itself with its universally recognized moral principles of autonomy, nonmaleficence , beneficence, and justice(Bulger, 2009). Autonomy considers the right of the individual to choose for themselves, nonmaleficence asserts an obligation not to inflict harm intentionally, beneficence refers to actions performed that contribution to the welfare of others, and justice refers to the fair, equitable, and appropriate treatment in light of what is due or owed to a person(McGonigle Mastrian, 2012). â€Å"Principlism is a unified moral approach in which the addition of each principal strengthens the legitimacy of each of the other principles to the extent that each principal is specified and balanced using independent criteria and yet each principal still supports each of the other principles†(Bulger, 2009, p. 121). In Jessica’s scenario she might consider that it is generally morally right to obtain her ex-husbands contact information in the EMR because this action obeys the role moral rule what is due or owed which in turn is derived from the principal justi ce. The crux of the dilemma lies within Jessica’s responsibility of providing her family a safe and healthy environment with financial stability, her utilization of the hospitals EMR balanced with her ex-husband’s medical record confidentiality rights. Investigate, Compare, and Evaluate Alternatives to him In Jessica’s case, there is no ambiguity in our nursing code of ethics when it comes to maintaining patient privacy and confidentiality. All the alternative methods provided to pursue the coveted contact information are the only acceptable legal pathways. These alternative methods safeguard patient rights, do not violate policy and laws, do not result in bad consequences, nor do they nullify rules and regulations. Each alternative provides expected outcomes that far exceed the risk of harm that include â€Å"civil liability, job loss, disciplinary action by state licensing boards, and even criminal investigations and sanctions†(Hader Brown, 2010, p. 270). Chosen alternative Simply from a financial standpoint the alternative chosen for Jessica would be to contact the local child support services agency. Hiring a private investigator or attorney can be cost prohibitive especially with her financial difficulties. Conclusion From nursing school until retirement, nurses are taught there is no leeway when it comes to HIPAA’s integrity and confidentiality of patient information. A problem with ethics is the logic of reasoning being used in moral deliberation and moral justification(Reidl, Wagner, Rauhala, 2005). Jessica’s deliberation of moral reasoning resorted from weighting only the positive self-fulfilling gain and omitted possible alternatives in her morally perplexing situation as well as her personal reasons in moral justification. Principlists consider principles to be at the heart of moral life negotiating between the four fundamental principles and the unique nature of specific moral situations on the other(McCarthy, 2003). With the technological advancements in today’s society the ethical questions evolve around how individuals choose to use or abuse their tools. Healthcare informatics intersects healthcare, ethics and informatics and all practitioners, for the publicâ€℠¢s good, must be bound by additional ethical, moral, and legal responsibilities (Curtain, 2005). Barrie Effy (2008), conclude in their study that ethical education in information technology changed attitudes and aided students in affective learning, an important and necessary component in the overall learning process(Barrie Effy, 2008). References Barrie, L., Effy, O. (2008). Ethical issues in information technology: Does education make a difference. International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education, 4(2), 67-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jicte.2008040106 Bulger, J. W. (2009). An approach towards applying principlism. Ethics Medicine, 25, 125-125. Curtain, L. L. (2005). Ethics in informatics. 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(2011). http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/EthicsStandards/CodeofEthicsforNurses/Code-of-Ethics.pdf Reidl, C., Wagner, I., Rauhala, M. (2005). Examining ethical issues of IT in healthcare. Retrieved from http://www.sfu.ca/act4hlth/pub/working/Ethical-Issues.pdf