Essay --

From analgesics to chemotherapy, over the years Medicinal Chemistry has helped treat a range of diseases and pathogens. My reasons for wanting to pursue a c beer in this field stem from my fascination with how drugs function and recondition imbalances in the human body. How a tiny tablet, so small and insignificant looking, can at times achieve such life-enhancing results.However that simple tablet requires a substantial amount of engineering for it to restore the bodys natural rhythm. After reading the article Inside the Mind of a Medicinal Chemist I discovered how computers and algorithms are used to make the decision process behind compound prioritization easier, which in turn reduces the amount of time spent on manufacturing the product. It is fascinating to learn that consensus is non always achievable between medicinal chemists and this highlighted for me the scope of opportunities available for research within the field. My love for Chemistry fuels my analytical approach wh ich is why I am constantly querying the how? and the why? behind the engineering of medicine. I...

Dangers of Consuming Too Much Sugar Essay -- Health Obesity Food

Drinking a beverage remains as the perfect way to quench ones thirst. Each and every drink holds the feature of creation refreshing, invigorating, and most importantly, palatable. Thus, countless deal take pleasure in consuming drinks. If drinks were not as enjoyable, people would not be able persevere with the rest of their lives. The human body necessitates a drink every day in order to survive. On the former(a) hand, a human can last several days without victuals. Multitudinous humans, particularly Americans, relish on self indulging themselves with food and beverages. Once a person stops eating or drinking in ideal proportions, it can lead to health issues. With this gluttonous quality, these Americans are on the verge on becoming overweight, or worst, obese. As more and more Americans find it pleasing and gratifying to consume food and drinks, the more the health issue of America is at risk. In addition to that, it is disadvantageous that companies nowadays are going overboa rd to satisfy their customers. They attempt to make their company better than the other company, whether by revamping their food or beverages. Therefore, these foods and drinks are no longer as natural or healthy than before. The pros of these new formulas include feeding ones inner soul and being more succulent, piquant, and toothsome the cons solely consist of significantly affecting ones health in a negative manner. Considering there is a high abundance of pros than cons, Americans simply disregard the cons. By ignoring these misfortunes, the statistical rates for American obesity have drastically augmented in the pass years. The sugar submergence found within these foods, and especially within drinks, prevails as the chief factor that leads to health ... ...wellshttp//www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm59e0803a1.htm?s_cid=mm59e0803a1_e%0D%0Ahttp//men.webmd.com/weight-loss-bmihttp//www.motts.com/ApplesAndHealth/Glossary/ http//www.motts.com/ApplesAndHealth/Glossary/http//www. tropicana.com//trop_products/productsLanding.swf?NonRefrigerated/92http//www.monsterenergy.com/products/monster-energy/http//www.redbull.com/cs/Satellite/en_INT/Products/ florid%20Bull%20Energy%20Drink%20--%20Red%20Bull.com%20Products%20--%20Red%20Bull-021242751115866/product-Benefitshttp//productnutrition.thecoca-colacompany.com/products/coca-colahttp//www.pepsiproductfacts.com/infobyproduct.php?brand_fam_id=1049&brand_id=1000&product=Mountain%20Dew&or=mdhttp//www.sunsweet.com/nutrition/nutrients.asphttp//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002403.htmhttp//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/853.html

Equine Protozoal Myeloencepalitis :: essays papers

Equine Protozoal MyeloencepalitisEquine Protozoal Myeloencepalitis is a serious neurological disease in horses caused by a parasite protozoa thought to be sarcosystis neurona. The disease was first identified in the 1960s when lesions and inflammation were seen in the brain and spinal cords of horses that had died of severe neurologic disease. Protozoa were discovered on the lesions in 1974, however the vector was unknown and the disease considered rare. Recently the phalanger has been isolated as the probable vector and the likely parasite organism identified as Sarcosystis falcatula. (Fenger, 1996)The Sarcosystis protozoan parasites have a complicated life make pass. They experience in two distinct forms. One in the definitive army (a carnivore like the opossum) and one in a secondary or intermediate host (wild birds that the opossum feeds on). It reproduces in the digestive tract of the definitive host and passes infective sporocysts in the feces, which are then taken in by th e secondary host. on that point the sporocysts migrate to the muscles and can persist for years until the secondary host is eaten by the definitive host. The protozoa are usually very host specific (requiring a specific carnivore to reproduce), and most likely neither host show any clinical signs of disease. (U. Missouri 1999)The horse is an unfortunate casualty in this cycle it is septic when feces of the opossum are ingested with their food material. The horse is a dead-end host, meaning it is not required in the parasites life cycle and therefore the disease cannot be transmitted from horse to horse. Several interesting facts put forth by the University of Missouri EPM is seen only in parts of the orbit that are inhabited by opossum specifically the Americas. It has been estimated that seroprevalence (indicating exposure) in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Kentucky is as high as 50%, however only a small ploughshare (2-3%) of those exposed will become ill with symptoms. Native wild b irds infected are not likely to show any symptoms, however non-native birds become sagaciously ill and die from S. falcatula exposure. (U. Missouri 1999)Primary clinical signs of EPM occur from swelling and nerve death in the central nervous system as a result of the replicating protozoa. Neurologic signs can be directly referable to the site or sites of infection. The spinal cord is most often affected resulting in the tierce A symptoms of asymmetric ataxia and focal muscle atrophy. (Fenger, 1996) Ataxia affects the horses sense of position in space.

News Coverage of September 11th, 2001 Essay -- Terrorism and Journalis

The blast that occurred on family line 11th, 2001 on the World Trade Center in freshly York City is an event that lingers in the minds of many Americans and other masses throughout the orbit. Most people can recall scarce where they were and whom they were with when they first perceive about the air planing machines crashing into the towers. It was a day that changed the way people looked at the world and brought to blowzy the realities that even the wealthiest and most military advanced country was not secure from acts of terrorist act. The dangers posed by religious extremist were being carried out on guinea pig and international discussion outlets live in front of millions if not billions of people worldwide. The events that occurred on this day changed the way journalism was practiced both by U.S. and immaterial media outlets. This essay examines how domestic and foreign news post covered the events of 9/11.As the events unfolded right in front of the eyes of A merica the framing of the news that day was done without preparation. Recollecting back to September 11th, 2001 the images being seen across the world were astonishing. In the beginning of the news coverage by the majority of the news stations both national and international, everyone seemed to be amazed and confused about what exactly was going on. No one knew if the first plane was purposely crashed into the first tower or if it were a small passage plane that accidently flew into its side.Once the heartbeat plane crashed into the other tower it was evident that it was done deliberately. Live broadcast from flip news focused on the live events as they were taking place. riff news relied on images from colleague stations in the United States such as CBS and FOX news channels to bring live image feeds from New York City into the homes of people in Europe. Sky news did not associate terrorism with the plane crash into the World Trade Center until after the trice plane crashed into it because it was evident it was done so purposely. BBC World as they reported the events in New York City, would only classify the event as two plane accidents and did not associate it to any act of terrorism. According to Television journalism during terrorist attacks by Kirsten Mogensen, she states terror events happen so quickly that there is hardly anytime to flout the information. On September 11th, 2001, major television networks ... ... of 9/11 Towards an Interdisciplinary bill of the Construction of News. Journalism (London, England) 11.5 (2010) 567-88. Print.BBC 9/11 Coverage. 2001. Retrieved February 5th, 2011, http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=15_DS_6kZ1k&NR=1Hahn, Oliver. Transatlantic Foreign Reporting and Foreign Correspondents After 9/11. The international journal of press/politics 14.4 (2009) 497-515. Print.Li, Xigen, and Ralph Izard. 9/11 Attack Coverage Reveals Similarities, Differences. theme Research Journal 24.1 (2003) 204. Print.Mogensen, Kirsten. Televi sion Journalism during Terror Attacks. Media, war & conflict 1.1 (2008) 31-49. Print.NBC 9/11/01 2nd Plane Collides. 2001. Retrieved February 5th, 2011. http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Tl__04Xoi0&feature= tie inPudowski, Tomasz. How the Worlds News Media Reacted to 911 Essays from Around the Globe. Spokane, Wash. Marquette Books, 2007. Print.Sky News September 11th, 2001. 2001. Retrieved February 4th, 2011. http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=449lQO93JU&feature=relatedStacks, John. ticklish Times for Hard News A Clinical Look at U.S. Foreign Coverage. World insurance journal 20.4 (2003) 12-21. Print. News Coverage of September 11th, 2001 Essay -- Terrorism and JournalisThe attack that occurred on September 11th, 2001 on the World Trade Center in New York City is an event that lingers in the minds of many Americans and other people throughout the world. Most people can recall exactly where they were and whom they were with when they first heard about the airplanes crashing into the towers. It was a day that changed the way people looked at the world and brought to light the realities that even the wealthiest and most military advanced country was not safe from acts of terrorism. The dangers posed by religious extremist were being carried out on national and international news outlets live in front of millions if not billions of people worldwide. The events that occurred on this day changed the way journalism was practiced both by U.S. and foreign media outlets. This essay examines how domestic and foreign news stations covered the events of 9/11.As the events unfolded right in front of the eyes of America the framing of the news that day was done without preparation. Recollecting back to September 11th, 2001 the images being seen across the world were astonishing. In the beginning of the news coverage by the majority of the news stations both national and international, everyone seemed to be amazed and confused about what exactly was going on. No one knew if the first plane was purposely crashed into the first tower or if it were a small passage plane that accidently flew into its side.Once the second plane crashed into the other tower it was evident that it was done deliberately. Live broadcast from Sky news focused on the live events as they were taking place. Sky news relied on images from colleague stations in the United States such as CBS and FOX news channels to bring live image feeds from New York City into the homes of people in Europe. Sky news did not associate terrorism with the plane crash into the World Trade Center until after the second plane crashed into it because it was evident it was done so purposely. BBC World as they reported the events in New York City, would only classify the event as two plane accidents and did not associate it to any act of terrorism. According to Television journalism during terrorist attacks by Kirsten Mogensen, she states terror events happen so quickly that there is hardly anytime to check the information. On September 11th, 2001, major television networks ... ... of 9/11 Towards an Interdisciplinary Explanation of the Construction of News. Journalism (London, England) 11.5 (2010) 567-88. Print.BBC 9/11 Coverage. 2001. Retrieved February 5th, 2011, http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=15_DS_6kZ1k&NR=1Hahn, Oliver. Transatlantic Foreign Reporting and Foreign Correspondents After 9/11. The international journal of press/politics 14.4 (2009) 497-515. Print.Li, Xigen, and Ralph Izard. 9/11 Attack Coverage Reveals Similarities, Differences. Newspaper Research Journal 24.1 (2003) 204. Print.Mogensen, Kirsten. Television Journalism during Terror Attacks. Media, war & conflict 1.1 (2008) 31-49. Print.NBC 9/11/01 2nd Plane Collides. 2001. Retrieved February 5th, 2011. http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Tl__04Xoi0&feature=relatedPudowski, Tomasz. How the Worlds News Media Reacted to 911 Essays from Around the Globe. Spokane, Wash. Marquette Books, 2007. Print.Sky News S eptember 11th, 2001. 2001. Retrieved February 4th, 2011. http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=449lQO93JU&feature=relatedStacks, John. Hard Times for Hard News A Clinical Look at U.S. Foreign Coverage. World policy journal 20.4 (2003) 12-21. Print.

The Plague :: The Black Death

The glowering Death caused a widespread death commit over the eastern and western parts of Europe during the fourteenth century. Not only did the Black Death take a devastating toll on human life, it also played an important role in shaping European life in years to come.The Black Death came in 3 forms, the bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic. Each form killed people in its own vicious way. All forms were caused by a bacterium called Yersinia pestis. The most commonly seen form was the bubonic plague. The death rate was thirty to seventy five percent. The symptoms were inflamed lymph nodes, armpits, neck and groin. The victims were subjected to headache, nausea, aching joints, and fever of 101- 105 degrees, vomiting, and a general feeling of illness (The Black Death). Symptoms usually took one to seven days to appear. The second most common form of the Black Death was the pneumonic plague the victims often died before they could seduce other places. The pneumonic plague mainly at tacked the lungs. Symptoms included slimy sputum tinted with blood. (Sputum is saliva mixed with mucus exerted from the respiratory system.) The death rate was cardinal to ninety five percent. Symptoms took one to seven days to appear.The rarest form of the Black Death was the septicemic plague. The death rate was close to one hundred percent. The symptoms were high fever, and tegument turning deep shades of purple, due to respiratory failure. Victims usually died the first day the symptoms appeared.The disease was spread through an infectious fever caused by the Yersinia pestis, passed on by the rat flea. The infection spread to anyone that had contact with the diseased. The infected found themselves punctured by a pain throughout their whole body. Soon by and by they developed on their thighs or the upper arms a lump the size of a walnut which some people called them burn boils. This then pierced them until the patient violently began vomiting blood. The vomiting of blood pers isted without stopping for three days, which didnt give the victims any time to heal their wounds. Swellings continued to expand until they eventually exploded, with death following immediately after. The whole process from transmitting to death usually lasted three or four days. The plague was deathly terrifying to brace and to witness, the terrible pain and the bizarre appearance both made the plague especially terrifying. People could not only get infected through the transmission of the disease but by talking to the sick touching them or any of their things.

Effects of Living in a Foreign Country Essay -- essays research papers

Living away from your country can be a really interesting and unforgettable experience, but at the same time it has very important effects on ones life sentence. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the three main effects that living in other country can produce in your personal life. The major effect, and also a very common one, is that once you start a regular life away from home, you miss everything. This fact doesnt mean that you are unhappy but that you are aware of being on your own. Missing your family and the attention they all paying to you is a very usual thing to do. Little details like sitting on a Sunday morning watching TV alone instead of helping your dad organizing his things or having a nice chat with your mom makes you realize how valuable your family really is. It is also...

Nursery Rhymes Essay

So here I am, really scared and nervous, hardly heres a closed book my mum told me, adults are just as anxious talking in public, the trick is to picture anyone in clown suits my Apas red nose really suits her.Hmm, my speech is supposed to be humorous and as a 6 year old nothing is more hilarious as old babys room rhymes I mean can you really picture a huge egg perched on a wall, and why on earth did the king rate his army to help humpty when maybe a chef wouldve done instead. Again, why on earth was the king involved? Then you get insy wincy, for being a roamer he wasnt a very bright spark. He firstly climbed up a water spout.. lets see, cloudy day, water sprout..rain..light bulb..tingbut no, he goes and climbs up the spout. Again next time use the wall, he must have been a male, duh.. We pass the old age home every day on our way to school. I always feel sorry for these poor people I mean how can people leave their mommas there. But then I think about the old women who live d in a shoe.. Now thats really sad, sure do expect its a really big shoe. Nursery rhymes are really silly, but if you cant beat them join them.Theres my recitalThere was an old womanwho lived in a shoe.The place was disgustingand smelled like pee-eweThe windows were drafty.The roof was a leaker.But thats what you getWhen you live in a sneaker.Humpty Dumpty sat in a tree.Humpty Dumpty got stung by a bee.He fell out and hit his head,and now he thinks his name is Fred.The tighty-whity spider went down the waterslide.Got a water wedgie halfway down the ride.Jumped up and screamed and ran around in pain.Now the tighty-whity spider will not do that again.

Value Chain Analysis-Army Recruiting Company

Value Chain Analysis Army Recruiting partnership Foundation for Business intelligence forwards he passed away in 1999, satirical novelist, Joseph Heller, wrote in his book Catch-22, I had examined myself pretty thoroughly and dis move throughed that I was unfit for military service (Heller, 282). piece in this instance, the individual was missing a leg and therefore not eligible for service, this quote has been used at times by those that have a fear or misunderstanding of the United States Armed Forces.Despite this, there is a requirement to maintain the volume of Soldiers within the United States Army and that recruiting companies develop a desire to join within the communities where they argon located. Understanding the Companies valued processes allows for analysis of what operations are already world performed well and what bowls can be ameliorate to increase desire to join. As an Army Recruiting molder it is my job to go out that the Company I lead is producing the be aver product for our customers. It is described as customers because there are two entities that this company serves.The to a greater extent obvious of the two is the United States Government. We receive a mission for the year, as to the Governments goals for the quantity and lumber of new spells to the United States Army. While it is distinguished to this customer to receive a certain morsel of these enlistments at various phase lines through the year, the type of enlistment is just as vital to customer satisfaction. For best results, the enlistee should not only show educational aptitude, but also be a pliant or trainable product before they arrive to Basic instruct.This customers requirements for success require that the company provides them an on time, quality product, in determined quantities. The otherwise customer that this Company serves is in fact those very people that are enlisting to serve Customer shape One. Less than integrity half of one percent of the Ameri can population has chosen to serve in the Army during the past decade (Miles, 3). though this deem is likely to remain low, growing mash from competing segment of Defense Agencies such as the U. S. Navy or National Guard, requires us to illustrate to the customer exactly why they should fill us as a provider.Where Customer Number One requires a high tempo turn over for their product, it is more important to this customer that service meets their specific timeline. somewhat customers need to begin their Army Career as soon as possible due to financial or familial responsibilities. Others have requirements to complete, such as graduating from high school or college, therefore requiring a suspended leave date. In addition to a customized timeline, it is important to understand the specific reasons why they would choose to enlist in the first place.Understanding this allows the Company to tailor the right package of benefits and job selection that meets the customers desires and re places the need to seek opportunities with other Department of Defense Agencies. In order to meet the requirements of the Companies two customers, there are certain activities that must be accomplished. Though there are other processes that support the Companys operations, the critical activities for mission success are marketing and research, prospecting, input management, and output management.These activities are necessary to complete services for both sets of customers and are continuously being completed. It is by and large likely that many of these activities are being conducted simultaneously in order to reach final goal of a quality Soldier brisk to ship to Basic Training with a customized package of job and benefits. It is said that the first rule of sales is that people must like and trust you (Klivans, 1). Though we typically try to distance Military Recruiting from sales, this principal still applies.For many people there is a negative connotation when considering the Armed Forces as a career choice for themselves or those that they influence. Generally, this is due to lack of knowledge of what the Army or other Department of Defense Agencies is like aside from aggrandized portrayals of violence from movies, television, and news. In order to combat this ignorance, the Company has become very successful at utilizing marketing within the local area. We effectively utilize advertising and public procedure in order to engage the population and inform them about the military, its benefits, and the opportunities that are available.More than 43 percent of the recruiters for the entirety of Department of Defense within the area perish to my Company. Due to this, we are able to conduct branding operations across a larger swath of area than the other services. Participation in schools and providing mark materials for on the spot dialogue or future appointments at a recruiting center allows the company to diverge potential applicants away from other serv ices increase company production.Finally, utilization of friendly influencers such as, coaches, guidance councilors, and church leaders adds to our value as they provide the message about the Armys charge without the supposed bias. These marketing and branding activities lay the framework for mission success and market domination, but prospecting is where the literal rubber meets the road. As with the marketing, the number of recruiters in the area allows for a larger area to be covered and more school visits per day, but its knowing where and how to target potential applicants that allow for greater success.Company recruiters conduct no less than four school engagements and multiple days either calling or visiting qualified leads identified from responses to our area marketing. Each phase line, which is generally about a month, we utilize historical data to identify key must win zip codes. By looking back at the outlast two years of recruiting data, we identify these key areas wh ere enlistments are more likely to come from as well as what time of the year is generally the best to prospect in these areas. The analysis of historical data also helps with understanding the approach that should be utilized when discussing a potential enlistment.We utilize this to understand when to say the action and adventure of the Combat Services or money for college and medical degree programs. This alone plays a significant part in our success and claiming more than 40 percent of the total market packet of all enlistments in our key areas. At this point we should have satisfied all of the requirements for customer number two. They are given the red-carpet treatment and provided with the specialized bonuses, job placement, and Basic training dates that meets their aptitude and preferences.They then become the input for fulfilling the obligation to Customer Number One. Though each enlistee has the customized packet and has general satisfaction from the process, it is still possible to have an enlistee change their mind about shipping and is taken as a passage. The acceptable standard for loss rate from the United States Army Recruiting Command is ten percent with no losses inside of 35 days (USAREC, 7). Losses that occur are generally due to pregnancy, police record, drug use, or loss of influencer support.To combat losses, Future Soldier Leaders are assigned and conduct weekly training with the enlistees. During the training these leaders provide enlistees with information and training necessary to become successful at Basic Training and in their military careers. At the end of each training the enlistees are given a safety brief to remind them of potential risks to shipping and what mistakes pass on cost them. This action has reduced the loss rate of the Company to approximately eight percent with significant reductions in pregnancy, drug use, and police record losses.However, loss of influencer support continues to be the primary reason for loss and generally result in a loss being taken well inside of the thirty day window. Losses taken before ship date due hurt the overall effectiveness rating of the Company. What also becomes a challenge is getting the enlistee to ship on time to basic training. The most important part of getting an applicant out the door is time flow management. in that respect is an expectation that the Company can enlist a Soldier, prepare him or her for basic training, and get them out to their unit in a few weeks.Currently, the second-rate flash to bang, amount of time between initial contacts during prospecting to shipping to Basic Training, is just under 50 days. Though this is above the standard timeline for stated Command policies, this timeline is faster than all other recruiting Companies in this area. Issues that extend the flash to bang timeline typically are contract renegotiations for individuals that are unsatisfied in their specialized package. Also, individuals that analyze to comp lete school requirements at the expected graduation time require an extension to their original ship date.In order to increase the success of the Company it is important to understand not only the areas where success is being achieved but what items can be adjusted to maximize efforts as well. For instance, though having a higher recruiter share allows for us to cover a larger area during the marketing and prospecting phases, the Marine Corps and Air Force manage to recruit a significant number of high aptitude Seniors even in our must win zip codes. Both services supply one specialized message and target specifically those individuals looking for careers in technology and engineering.Providing more focus on Army careers in STEM, (Science, Technology, Engineering, Math) is needed to lessen efforts by other services. Also, adjustments need to be make during the input management phase in order to diminish losses inside of 30 days to include more involvement with enlistee influencers t o ensure no loss of support. Finally, contract renegotiations should be kept to a minimum. Ensuring that a thorough understanding of our customers motivators and fully address in initial package and constricting renegotiations that would extend Flash to Bang timeline are needed steps.Engendering support to join the United States Army will continue to be a daunting task. In order to make certain continued satisfaction from the two customer groups requires understanding of working processes and potential areas to improve. Through utilization of higher recruiter numbers to cover larger area, developing good marketing and prospecting processes, ensuring proper training and management through Basic Training ship date and applying fixes to deficient areas, the Army Recruiting Company can continue to meet the demands from our customers.Works Cited Heller, Joseph. Catch-22. New York Simon and Schuster, 1961. Print Kilvans, David. The First Rule of Sales. Ezine Articles. N. P. , 03 October 2007. Web. 02 March 2013. . Miles, Donna. Survey Shows Growing Gap Between Civilians, Military. American Forces Press Service. Department of Defense, 28 November 2011. Web. 02 March 2013. . USAREC Regulation 601-95. (2002). Delayed Entry and Delayed Training Program. Washington DC. Department of the Army. 12 August 2002. PDF File.

East of Eden: John Fontenrose Response

East of Eden John Fontenrose Response The basis for the paper of earnest and mephistophelian is roughly often the Christian biblical stories in the book of Genesis. The classic battle of good and evil with good always swaggering over evil often stretches farther out and into our m any cultures. This archaic tale is ever prevalent in all of mankinds sterling(prenominal) stories in many different variations. John Steinbeck often brings this struggle to different methods of musical theme especially on how we view evil, as well as good.He brings this reputation to light using the everyday, common man in his books, Grapes of Wrath, Of Mice and Men and now East of Eden to portray the realistic side of the battle of good and evil. many another(prenominal) will argue that he does not have a very pass off goal for presenting this idea including, John Fontenrose, in his literary criticism, John Steinbeck An intro and Interpretation but it is quite the opposite. In John Steinbecks bo ok, East of Eden, The stories of the Hamilton and Trask families get intertwined along with many other people as the origin of good and evil unfolds on them on farmland in both(prenominal) Salinas, California and in Connecticut.Towards the beginning of the book the good characters, Alice and Adam and the bad characters, Cyrus and Charles are build to the reader but as the novel progresses the concept of timshel is introduced which redefines the concept of predestination versus free will and changes the course of each characters limitations for better and for worse. In East of Eden Steinbeck is not unclear on his position of good and evil, rather he puts forward the way this mindset has changed over time and gives his testify methodology on how the struggle of good and evil should be thought of.Often times Steinbeck shows the realism in this book with many samples that are not utter(a) and alter from time to time. This makes it hard for around people to understand his reasonin g like, John Fontenrose, as he neglects this concept when he states that the author is, never clear about the relation of good to evil in this novel (Fontenrose). Steinbeck purposefully creates this view so that the appearance of progression in his archetypes is shown when free will is added to his characters. In the late beginning of the book, Charles beats his brother, Adam, more or less to death because of jealousy over his fathers love.It is an almost perfect allusion to the biblical story of Cain and Abel which represents an ever occurring theme throughout the book. In fact this represents one of the first introductions towards realism in the novel because these horrible events are a part of life, that of which Steinbeck does not wish to lot up. Instead of hiding them Steinbeck shows them in detail to carry the notion that the concepts of good and evil are not concrete but are situational and objective. While Charles thought he was creation just, Adam most certainly did not. In part three of the book Steinbeck introduces the concept of timshel as discovered by Adams consideration Lee and its many different translations, Thou shalt, meaning that men will surely triumph over sin. But the Hebrew word timshel- Thou mayest-that gives a choice. Why, that makes a man great, for in his weakness and his filth and his murder of his brother he still has the great choice (Steinbeck 301-302) He attempts to convince Adam and Cal of the lustiness of timshel and ultimately succeeds, as Adam gives Cal his b slighting and Cal realizes he himself has the power to overcome his familys legacy of evil.With the concept of Timshel, Steinbeck is not accurate, translating the verb form timshol (not timshel as Steinbeck has it) (Fontenrose). Steinbeck makes an almost obscure symbol in the fact that the concept of timshel or timshol is not perfect, as shown with an incorrect translation. He proves this by having many things in the novel chosen and some not chosen, therefore no t perfect free will. This is further proven by the fact that Charles in the beginning fills the Cain archetype but as timshel is introduced the archetype continues and Cal is given the freedom to break away from this destiny of Evil.Although Cal breaks free he is still partly held down by his archetype and therefore achieves balance among both good and evil. Steinbeck continues with this enigma using Cal again, having a C in his name and his assault on his brother Aron, shows his connection to Cain. Although he was not a good person, he wanted to become better which makes him superior to his brother Aron in the eyes of Steinbeck. As John Fontenrose put it Good is identified both with admirable individual qualities and with conventional moral goodness and with Cal the author appears to accept Cals label of bad for his adolescent desires and impulses. (Fontenrose 4) Steinbeck presents progression by making the outcome of Cal and Aron less severe than that of Adam and Charles. Althoug h characters in East of Eden, more often than not, are pushed to expel evil forces from themselves and pertain towards good traits, the line is much more blurred. This is most prominently seen in Cal, who, although fitting under the archetype of the biblical Cain, still strives towards good character, as seen in this passage, where he offers Aron a business opportunity aft(prenominal) college. Ill get started and lay the foundation. Then when you finish we can be partners. Ill have one kind of thing and youll have another (Steinbeck 536). Cal does in any case stir towards negative characteristics, particularly when he expresses the truth of their mother to Aron. Aron slowly becomes more and more pure as the book continues which eventually becomes his fault of being too good and not being able to deal with the evils of the world.Cal struggles with the human desires towards good and bad, growing out of the Cain archetype and fleshing out into perhaps the most compare character in t he book, neither choosing to neither reject the bad completely nor embrace the good completely. Cal breaks the notion of inherent good or evil archetypes and brings frontward the realism concept of timshel. The narrator sums this up with many concepts while waxing on the perceptiveness of forces. Some forces seem evil to us, perhaps not in themselves but because their tendency is to eliminate the things we hold well (Steinbeck 131).The piece continues with the argument that good and evil are relative terms, more specifically in that Steinbeck appears to show Cal as bad when his action are of an adolescent nature and sees Aron as good when his actions reflect extreme self-indulgences. The characters are by no delegacy clear cut in their morals in fact, nearly every character is obscured as to whether they are altogether good or bad. By no means was a fault of Steinbecks, rather it was an intentional move meant to portray the diverse and human characters which inhabit the story.Even when describing the changing scenery of the Salinas Valley, the characters rile human condition is reflected. When discussing the new church and sects which are appearing, the narrator says, They were not pure, but they had a potential of purity, like a soiled white shirt. And any man could make something pretty fine of it within himself (Steinbeck 217). Although the object of discussion is genuinely a church, the resemblance of character to the morally conflicted characters that inhabit the novel is concentrated to ignore.Fontenroses reasons follow similar patterns, with statements such as Good and evil are complementary and evil is the source of good and may even be necessary to good essentially coming down to evil and good being necessary for the other to exist (Fontenrose 4). Although Fontenrose is overall incorrect in his accept that good and bad have no relation in the novel, in this claim it is necessary to agree, if only because such broad terms are used. The claims whi ch Fontenrose makes almost seem to undermine his own argument as they do essentially prove that there are clear relations between good and evil within the novel.Overall, Steinbeck is quite distinct in his defining of morality, in which the polar opposites of good and evil coexist in such a manner that each individual has a right of choosing their path, defined by the ever-present phrase, timshel. This gives some characters the ability to gain the ideal balanced morality, not all evil and not all good. As we look deeper into the novel we see that through the many different concepts and understandings of good versus evil, Steinbeck lays down his system of how good and evil are actually perceived.

Literature Review on Types of Discipline Essay

2.1.1 VandalismAccording to article What is vandalism, written by Dye1, she defined vandalism as a nuisance that generally involves the destruction, disfigurement of public or private property. A person does not have to destroy a property to be charged with vandalism. This annoyance can include acts that simply demise a piece of property. For example, a person may rip the seats of a school bus. The bus is close up operable, but its value and its ability to be used are greatly reduced. Kraus (1979) said that vandalism consequences are often simply causing trouble and anger. single aspect of school vandalism is often reported in research studies from the United States as the research from Rubel (1977) states that the connection of vandalism with another(prenominal) types of school crimes such(prenominal) as petty theft in the school and personal violence against staff and students. According to Cohen (1973) the public sees this type of behavior as threatening. Even though vandalism is directed at public property, the public still feared being victims of uncontrolled juveniles that roaming the street.2.1.2 AbsenteeismThen, Heathfield2 defined get rid ofeeism as the chronic absent from work or study. Absenteeism unremarkably addressed through ageively stricter disciplinary measures that can result in the termination of the individuals employment. This is generally governed by the institution attendance policy. Rayner & horseback riding (1996) cited Schostak (1980) in the United Kingdom that found at least 800,000 students absent from school for unexcused reasons. Webb (1993) suggest that approximately half a million students were absent each day. Students who have absenteeism problems generally suffer academically and socially. According to Baker and Jansen (2000), studies indicate that students who are absent have lower achievement and may be penalized on test scores. Sustained absences may lead to retention and truancy.____________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 1 http//www.wisegeek.com/what-is-vandalism.htm2 http//humanresources.about.com/od/attendancepolicy/g/absenteeism.htm2.1.3 TruancyWisconsin (2000) defined simple truancy as any absence of part or all of a school day for which a pupils parent or guardian has not provided a valid excuse. According to Cavallari3, he states that many institutions throughout the world have difficulty enforcing mandatory attendance for a variety of reasons. about students find it more worthwhile to enter the world of career and earn money for their families, while others struggle with coursework and choose simply not to attend partition while others have difficulty getting to school because they live in rural areas.The reasons why students do not attend school are building complex and seemingly endless, making mandatory attendance difficult to enforce. Some schools base part of a students grade on attendance, while others irritate an attendance percentage a requirement for graduation. A student must attend classes a certain percentage of the school year in pronounce to advance to the next grade as the student can be held back in the same grade if he or she fails to meet imperious attendance requirements, which some critics claim can discourage students from attending school at all. However, some advocates claim it encourages students to attend class because it means they can progress to the next grade level with their peers.2.1.4 SmokingHenderson4 and her colleagues found that in their research about ingest habits and wider social environment in school, on average, 25% of males and 39% of females aged 15-16, reported that they either regularly or occasionally smoked. The age group of 14 to 18 years is most likely to attract towards the smoking habit and become an addict for the rest of his or her life as this age represents the growth of maturity where teens make choices for their life style and p lan where they privation to see themselves in the future.The teens are more conscious about their personality, styles and making up their role model as their inspiration in life. On the other hand, this is the age where factors like stress, attention disorder, psychological pressures and conflicts from parents play an important role in impacting the individual personality and most of the teens are seen fighting with these kind of problems collectable to lack of parental interest, or sometime over protectiveness of parents. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3 http//www.wisegeek.com/how-can-schools-enforce-mandatory-attendance.htm 4 http//www.journal-archieves14.webs.com/848-855.pdf

Memories of my childhood Essay

Thinking back when I was ten brings up a lot of memories of my childhood. I was a tom boy and a big eater because of my highschool metabolism and extremely high energy level. I look back at my favorite foods and there are many that come to mind. I loved Chef Boyardee Ravioli and Spaghetti Os. I also loved my moms homemade chicken and dumplings and bisquits, peanut cover and banana sandwiches, and moms cookies. These have been my favorites throughout the years with the exception of the Chef Boyardee Ravioli and Spaghetti Os.My mom has taught me how to prepare some of her recipes so that I may pass them on to my children and them to theirs. I think I will continue to eat these dishes until my body can no longer handle the ingredients that make these dishes so scrumptious. My mother is 52yrs old and still enjoys these foods she is in very good health with the exception of her osteoporosis so if I continue taking care of myself and my body and zipper bad happens besides what already has happened, I think I should be able to eat these dishes for a very long time.There are several(prenominal) reasons why dietary modifications need to be changed throughout the different stages of life. From birth the old age are metabolism is constantly changing, we go from a high energy intake to a slowed metabolism. Healthful diets help promote the growth of infancy into your older adulthood, and it helps with the productivity to help prevent obesity, high blood insistence and cholesterol, certain diseases, strokes, heart attacks, and osteoporosis.

Diet and Health

After taking the cholesterol, heart and blood pressure quizzes at Intelihealth. com, I have obtained a score of 73% wherein out of the total 11 questions, I got 8 correct questions, 64% wherein out of the total 14 questions, I got 9 correct questions and 67% wherein out of the total 12 questions, I got 8 correct questions. Because of the positive result, I believe that I shaft an adequate amount of information about cholesterol and blood pressure. Though non that extensive, I am aware of the basic facts regarding risk factors, prevention, or treatment.Through this exercise, I have acquired new ideas about cholesterol. I have learned about the correct cholesterol level that adults should keep in mind in erect to eliminate the risk of heart diseases. However, a superior level of LDL cholesterol (bad cholesterol) also increases the possibility of having a heart disease, as does a low-spirited level of HDL cholesterol (good cholesterol) (InteliHealth, Choleterol try). Another inter esting fact that I have learned was that blacks are more susceptible to having high blood pressure than white people. (InteliHealth, Heart Quiz).Also, a silent killer disorder takes the form of high blood pressure or hypertension, does not usually show any symptoms so it is advisable that everyone regularly go to the doctor for medical check-ups to monitor ones physical condition (InteliHealth, Blood Pressure Quiz). Given all these facts, everyone should be constantly aware of the food that they take in order to monitor their cholesterol levels. More so, regular visits to the doctor send away minimize the occurrence of heart and blood pressure-related diseases. As a result, people would be living a more a healthy lifestyle and so extending their life span.

Molar Mass by Freezing Point Depression

testing ground Name Molar spate by Freezing Point Depression Researcher Isabella Cuenco Lab moolah Date November 9, 2012 Lab Completion Date November 9, 2012 Table of Contents SECTION NAME I. Introduction II. procedure III. selective information IV. Analysis V. Conclusion PAGE NUMBER ? I. INTRODUCTION Purpose The purpose of the lab is to make up ones mind the grinder aggregate of an unnoticeable essence by measu forebode the freezing foreshadow economic crisis of a solution of the unknown substance and BHT. Hypothesis If the freezing come in depression of a solution of an unknown substance and BHT is measured, the bomber mass of an unknown substance can be found.Pre-Lab Questions 1. a. Determine the freezing point depression 53. 02 50. 78 = 2. 24 C b. Calculate the molar mass of the unknown substance 7. 1 C/m X 2. 04 g (solute) X 24. 8 g ( issue) X 2. 24 C = 260. 0 g molar mass = 260. g 2. What are colligative properties? Colligative properties are properties of a solut ion that modify when the condition of the solution changes. II. PROCEDURE Part B 1. Set up a Bunsen Burner, ring stand and clamp, as shown in picture below. 2. Fill a beaker with 100 mL of water 3.Place beaker on ring stand, and light burner to test that blue of flame is hitting the bottom of the beaker once it is, turn burner off. 4. use a howitzer and pestle, crush 0. 5 g of BHT. 5. exact the BHT into a small capillary supply. 6. utilise a rubber band, fasten the capillary tube to a thermometer, ensuring the bottom of the tube lines up with the thermometer bottom. 7. clench the thermometer/tube, ensuring the thermometer and tube are in the water. 8. Begin to heat the water and observe the tube. 9. Once the BHT has melted (turned from ashen powder to clear), turn off the heat, and record the temperature at which the BHT melted. 0. Once cool, dispose of the BHT and tube. 11. Using a mortar and pestle, crush 0. 1 g of cetyl alcohol. 12. Using a mortar and pestle, crush 0. 5 g of BHT. 13. Pack the BHT and cetyl alcohol into a small capillary tube.14. Repeat steps 6-10 for the BHT and cetyl alcohol. III RESULTS (DATA & OBSERVATIONS) Part A (Sample Data given) Trial 1Trial 2 Mass of empty test tube 1, g18. 235 g Mass of test tube 1 + BHT, g26. 292 g Mass of BHT, g8. 057 g Mass of weighing opus, g0. 221 g Mass of weighing paper + cetyl alcohol, g1. 236 g Mass of cetyl alcohol, g1. 15 g Mass of empty test tube 2, g18. 689 g Mass of test tube 2 + BHT, g26. 679 g Mass of BHT, g7. 990 g Mass of unknown, g1. 656 g Temperature in ? C Time, in secondsPure BHTBHT + cetyl alcoholBHT + unknown 085. 085. 576. 8 2080. 084. 974. 7 4075. 881. 674. 5 6072. 078. 672. 2 8069. 076. 369. 8 10068. 873. 567. 8 12069. 072. 065. 9 14068. 869. 764. 3 16068. 667. 462. 9 18068. 465. 561. 6 20068. 264. 260. 4 22063. 661. 1 24063. 861. 5 26063. 761. 6 30063. 561. 2 36060. 5 420 480 Part B Melting Points Pure BHT71. 9 ? C BHT + cetyl alcohol68. 5 ? C MassesBHTCetyl Alcohol Solution 1 BHT + Cetyl Alcohol, g0. 5 g0. 1 g IV. ANALYSIS Post- Lab Calculations Determine ? Tfp for the solution cetyl alcohol and of the unknown substance in BHT. Calculate the molality of the cetyl alcohol solution and use it to determine the value of the freezing point depression constant, kfp, for BHT. Use the calculated value of kfp, along with the masses of the unknown solute and BHT, to find the molar mass of the unknown solute. molality of cetyl alcohol solution = 0. 5 m kfp of BHT = 4. 0 ? C/m molar mass of unknown solute = 240 g/molPost-Lab Questions 1. The following errors occurred when the above experiment was carried out. How would each affect the calculated molar mass of the solute ( overly high, too low, no effect)? Explain your answers. a. The thermometer used actually read 1. 4 ? C too high. b. Some of the solvent was spilled before the solute was added. c. Some of the solute was spilled after it was weighed and before it was added to the solvent. d. Some of the solution wa s spilled after the solute and solvent were mied but before the freezing point was determined. 2.What was the least precise measurement in the experiment? How does this constrain your significant digits? 3. Did the solutions show any evidence of supercooling? 4. Why is it advantageous to choose a solvent that has a large value for Kfp? 5. Explain why the pure solvent shows a level horizontal slide as solidification occurs, but the curve for the solution slopes downward slightly. V. CONCLUSION When the freezing point depression of a solution of an unknown substance and BHT is measured, the molar mass of an unknown substance is found. The hypothesis

Write about the different sociological perspectives and different theories on suicide, family, and health and medicine

In sociology there ar many unalike perspectives. The perspectives argon split up into two diametric groups macro sociology and micro sociology. Macro sociology detriments the individuals behaviour e.g. bon ton shapes the person you are going to be. Micro sociology agent a way of looking at things, sight who intend in micro believe the individuals who go away in it construct the society. red and souralist believe in macro sociology, interactions and feminist believe in micro sociology.A functionalist looks at society like a biologist looks at a human body. A functionalist chance upons everything in the world as a function and a meaning e.g. we need the environment we live in to start a family, and a family call for a education which leads to your economical status, which makes us extradite a good or bad environment.Functionalist subroutine methods to get our statistics by using questionnaires, survey and structured interviews.Every society has basic involve and it ne eds to be organised so people cease face them basic needs. Functionalist say there is to be order in every society if a society is going to exist.Durkheims theory of suicide was found on the idea that it was the degree of social solidarity that explained variations in suicide rate by social solidarity he ment the bonds that hold people together. If the bonds were to loose then people would looking at derelict connected to society and was much likely to commit suicide. If the bond were to tight then this could also lead to suicide as a person could loose their sense of self-preservation. Rates of suicide were consistent within society but varied between patterns e.g. catholic countries conduct low rates of suicide because they wont admit to people committing suicide they put it down to accidental death. Also in catholic countries there is different places people can go so they can feel closer together e.g. church.Functionalists believe family is important for reproduction, l ove and place upright they believe that the m different is there to love and take anguish of the children. Parsons theory of the growth of the family is a superior general theory. He argues that the nuclear form of the family was well suited to the economy. Within this unit roles were specialised that one braggy should be earning money from a paid job and the other should be at home with the children.In the eighteenth century adults were expected to take part in activities such as producting craftwork, collecting timberland or arranging the food.I believe personally that family is important to get you through daytime to day activities, I feel that if I didnt have my family for love and support then I would feel weakly connected to society, this could lead to depression or suicide.In contrast interactionists see the world in different methods they see suicide in a different way than a functionalist, they see it as a micro sociology (which means a way of looking at things) they believe that individuals construct the society they live in. Douglas sees suicide in a different way then durkheime, he points out that the decision to stomach a sudden death is suicide is made by a coroner and this is influenced by friends and family etcetera Douglas suggests that if a person commits suicide family and friends may try to hide the fact that it is suicide and blame it on accidental death, because they believe it is there sense of responsibility to try and cover it up. Douglas points out that different cultures have different meanings of suicides, it is best to interview the person who knew them well.Atkinson doses not except that suicide exists as something waiting to be discovered. He feels that if sociologists believe this then they go forth seek facts that have nothing to do with social reality. He says society is part of the social world and if a death is unnatural then the officials will believe it is a suicide (themes and perspectives). Coroners theory of s uicide contains explanations if a person is brought up in broken homes, care or as suffered from nervous breakdowns then they are more than likely to commit suicide than if a person as a normal up bringing. Also if a person as no family ties and feels alone in the world then they are also at high risk of flavor low and committing suicide.Radical psychiatrists explain the bad terms of being in a family. They say that a nuclear family is the prime area of emotional pressure and anxiety. In some families people can feel underpressure due to work or lack of sleep. It is cognise that a of import factor in this development is caused by an illness called schizophrenia. This is well known illness that is associated with the term madness. Schizophrenia is a distemper of the brain, the main disturbances are though thought process but this can extend to emotional and disturbing behaviour. The symptoms of this disease are hallucinations and delusions (positive) and apathy and withdrawal (n egative). In some families adults have different rules for different family members. If a person as a mental illness in a family then it can be tough as a whole family unit.A Marxist is soulfulness who believes that society is made up of two main groups, ruling class and working class.A ruling class person is someone who owns his or her own company or business.A working class person is someone who works for someone else.Power lies in the economic base. This determines dominant ideology through the media, religion, education and family. If someone is in annoy these people will deal with it, if the people in society dont listen then the court, army or mental insinuations (also known as the coroner) will deal with them. Marxist sees capitalism and its insinuations like family as oppressive, which means when the rich project the poor, or when a man controls a woman. Marxists believe that family is there to support the worker, they believe the worker should earn the money and the ext ended family should do the day to day activities e.g. cook clean weaken etc.A feminist is someone who believes that society is also split in to two groups but they see the division between men and women. Many feminists argue that men have more provide than women do. They have higher income and better-paid jobs. Feminists believe that all husbands dont oppress their wives but they are treated un have-to doe withly in the workplace. there are 3 different types of womens liberation movementLiberal feminismSocialists feminismRadical feminismA liberal feminist is someone who believes in changing the law to give people equal opportunities in both work and the workplace.Socialists feminist is someone who believes until capitalism no longer exists there will not be equality in society.Radical feminists believe that society should only exist as women.Feminists introduced the study of areas in family life e.g. housework and domestic violence in to sociology.Feminists challenge the view of manlike domination in families because they believe that men have greater benefits in families than others. Feminists argue that family life is ground on co-operation, love, and shared interest, many feminists have questioned other feminists so that they can emphasise different experiences of women and see the different ways, which they are disadvantage in the workplace.Parsons functionalism looks at the role a sick person plays in society. Parsons stressed the motivation of being sick and getting better. Some people decide weather they are sick or not to withdrawal themselves from normal activities. Medicine is there to cure and control those who are sick so that they can return to their day-to-day activities and responsibilities. The sick role requires commitment to those who are ailing to return to normal as soon as they are well again. Doctors role is to act in the best interest of the patient, they have the right to look at the patients body and take personal expand from the m.Functionalist believe that society is like a flow, if a person falls ill then it personal effects other people in society as they are unable to carry out roles just about them.Symbolic interactionism looks at the idenity through interaction with others. Most studies show that a doctor as more power over a patient but if a patient consumes medicine from a grocery store then they have the right to take it without doctors consent. At a point in time when a person is actually sick the doctor as the right to say what happens however at a later stage the patient can become more involved as they are responsible for the management of there lives. Labelling is component in illness through the way people treat the ill person (doctors, friends, family) if a person as cancer than they are labelled a cancer patient even though they are still a person e.g. mother, friend etc.Marxist theory is more focused on the way money is structured in society to determine equality and power.Medicine as become a market product and can be brought and sold like any other product. Marxist claim that just because medicine is the organisation of health care, it doesnt mean it is free of capitalist influence.Marxist claim that most health problems are cogitate with unhappy and stressful work environments however sooner than seeing the problems as individuals weakness Marxist see it as disadvantage of class and social construct. There is a pattern of unhealthy workers who work in industrial places linked with industrial substances these substances are known to be responsible for 10% of male cancers.Over the past century feminists have male prevail medical professions they have medicalised events for women associated with pregnancy, menstruation and childbirth. Women themselves invented this medical invention and emerged medical professions to open a medicine market. In the 1950s pregnancy became a medical condition. Most women suffered from depression, anxiety and sleepiness. Most diso rders that required motivation were linked with men. Feminists argue that only by breaking the main road with medicine women will gain control over their bodies. Most women who work with medicine are paramedics or nurses, these jobs are lower paid and they have less occupational status. Even though females attend the same medical school with the same military capability as their male friends they are still disadvantaged in the workplace.

Solution of Managerial Accounting

Chapter 5 approach Behavior Analysis and Use As we shall see in later chapters, the ability to predict how bes respond to smorgasbords in body butt on is vituperative for making decisions, controlling operations, and evaluating per takeance. Three major classifications of approachs were discussed in this chapter covariant, improve, and conflate. Mixed court brood of protean and better atoms and enkindle be expressed in equation form as Y = a + bX, where X is the activeness, Y is the court, a is the fit(p) be element, and b is the variable star terms per unit of measurement of measurement of natural action.several(prenominal) method actings can be used to prognosticate the dogged and variable cost components of a mixed cost use past records of cost and bodily process. If the relation between cost and activity appears to be linear establish on a scatter graph plot, then the variable and frosty components of the mixed cost can be augurd victimisation the q uick-and-dirty method, the high-low method, or the least-squ bes regression method. The quick-and-dirty method is ground on drawing a substantial line and then using the flip and the intercept of the square line to estimate the variable and fixed cost components of the mixed cost.The high-low method implicitly draws a straight line through the points of lowest activity and highest activity. In most situations, the least-squares regression method is preferred to both the quick-and-dirty and high-low methods. Computer software is fullly in stock(predicate) for using the least-squares regression method. These software applications provide a variety of useful statistics along with estimates of the intercept (fixed cost) and slope (variable cost per unit).Nevertheless, even when least-squares regression is used, the data should be plotted to confirm that the relationship is really a straight line. Managers use be harmoniumized by look to help make many decisions. The piece coi ffure income statement can aid decision making because it classifies be by cost doings (i. e. , variable versus fixed) rather than by the functions of production, administration, and gross sales. In this chapter, the following learning objectives give be c everyplaceed In this chapter, the following learning objectives will be covered Understand how fixed and variable be birth and how to use them to predict costs. pic pic pic Use a scattergraph plot to diagnose cost behavior. pic pic pic Analyze a mixed cost using the high-low method. pic pic pic urinate an income statement using the contribution format. pic pic pic (Appendix 5A) Analyze a mixed cost using the least-squares regression method. Key terms Account analysis A method for analyzing cost behavior in which an account is classified as either variable or fixed based on the analysts prior knowledge of how the cost in the account be hold ins. pic pic pic action mechanism base A meas ure of some(prenominal) causes the incurrence of a variable cost.For example, the bring cost of roentgen ray film in a hospital will increase as the phone heel of X-rays taken increases. Therefore, the number of X-rays is the activity base that explains the tally cost of X-ray film. pic pic pic Committed fixed costs Investments in facilities, equipment, and basic harmoniumizational structure that cant be significantly cut down even for short periods of fourth dimension without making fundamental changes. pic pic pic Contribution approach An income statement format that organizes costs by their behavior. be are separated into variable and fixed categories rather than being separated jibe to organizational functions. pic pic pic Contribution margin The amount remaining from sales revenues after all variable expenses have been deducted. pic pic pic Cost structure The relative pro raft of fixed, variable, and mixed costs in an organization. pic pic pic Dependent variable A variable that responds to some causal factor add together cost is the subject variable, as represented by the letter Y, in the equation Y = a + bX. pic pic pic Discretionary fixed costs Those fixed costs that arise from annual decisions by management to spend on certain fixed cost items, untold(prenominal) as advertising and research. pic pic pic Engineering approach A detailed analysis of cost behavior based on an industrial engineers evaluation of the inputs that are compulsory to carry out a particular activity and of the equipment casualtys of those inputs. pic pic pic High-low method A method of separating a mixed cost into its fixed and variable elements by analyzing the change in cost between the high and low activity directs. pic pic pic Independent variable A variable that acts as a causal factor activity is the independent variable, as represented by the letter X, in the equation Y = a + bX. pic pic pic Least-squares regression A method of separating a mixed cost into its fixed and variable elements by fitting a regression line that method minimizes the sum of the square errors. pic pic pic Linear cost behavior Cost behavior is said to be linear whenever a straight line is a reasonable approximation for the relation between cost and activity. pic pic pic Mixed cost A cost that contains both variable and fixed cost elements. pic pic pic Multiple regression An analytical method required when variations in a dependent variable are caused by more than one factor. pic pic pic R 2 A measure of fairness of fit in least-squares regression analysis. It is the percentage of the variation in the dependent variable that is explained by variation in the independent variable. pic pic pic Relevant range The range of activity deep down which assumptions about variable and fixed cost behavior are reasonably valid. pic pic pic Step-variable cost The cost of a resource that is obtainab le only in large chunks and that increases and decreases only in response to fairly wide changes in activity. check over Problem 1 Cost behavior Neptune Rentals offers a boat rental service. experience the following costs of the company over the relevant range of 5,000 to 8,000 hours of run time for the boats Hours of operating time 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 rack up costs variable quantity costs $20,000 $ ? $ ? $ ? Fixed costs $1,68,000 $ ? $ ? $ ? get costs $1,88,000 $ ? $ ? $ ? Cost per hour uncertain cost $ ? $ ? $ ? $ ? Fixed cost $ ? $ ? $ ? $ ? Total cost per hour $ ? $ ? $ ? $ ? Required Compute the wanting amount assuring that cost behavior patterns remain same within the relevant range of 5,000 to 8,000 hours. theme to Review Problem 1 Per Unit unsettled Cost = 20,000/5,000= 4. 00 per Unit. Hours of operating time 5,000hr 6,000hr 7,000hr 8,000hr Total Costs inconstant costs $20,000 $24,000 $28,000 $32,000 Fixed costs 1,68,000 1,68,000 1, 68,000 1,68,000 Total costs $1,88,000 $1,92,000 $1,96,000 $2,00,000 Cost per hour $4. 0 $4. 00 $4. 00 $4. 00 Variable cost Fixed cost 33. 60 28. 00 24. 00 21. 00 Total cost per hour $37. 60 $32. 00 $28. 00 $25. 0 Review problem 2 High Low Method The administrative of azalea hills hospitals would like a cost verbalism linking the costs involved in admitting patients to the number of patients admitted during a calendar month. The admitting departments costs and number of patients admitted during the nowadays preceding eight month are given in the following table calendar month number of patients admitted dep.Costs May 1,800 14,700 June 1,900 15,200 July 1,700 13,700 August 1,600 14,000 September 1,500 14,300 October 1,300 13, degree Celsius Nov 1,100 12,800 Dec 1,500 14,600 Required 1. Use the high low method to establish the fixed and variable components of admitting costs. 2. Express the fixed and variable components of admitting costs as a command i n the linear equation form Y= a+bx. termination to Review Problem 2 1. Number of Patients Admitted Admitting Department cost High activity aim (June) $1,900 15,200 Low activity take (November) 1,100 12,800 veer $800 $2,400 Variable cost per unit of activity Variable Cost = 2,400 / 800 = 3 Fixed cost = Total cost variable cost = 15,200 (3*1,900) = 9,500 2. The cost formula expressed in the linear equation form isY= $9,500+$3X Problem 5-12 House of Organs, Inc purchases variety meat from a well-known manufacturer and sells them at the retail level. The variety meat sell, on the average, for $2500 each. The average cost of an organ from the manufacturer is $1500. House of Organs, Inc has always kept careful records of its costs. The costs that the company incurs in a typical month are presented below in the form of a spreadsheet Costs Cost Formula Selling publicise $950 per month Delivery of organs $60 per organ sold Sales salaries and commissions $4,600 per month prescribed 4% interest Utilities $650 per month Depreciation of sales facilities $5,000 per month Administrative Executive salaries $13,500 per month Depreciation of equipment $900 per month Clinical $2,500 per month plus $40 per organ sold Insurance $700 per month During November, the company sold and delivered 60 organs. Required 1.Prepare an income statement for November using the traditional format with costs organized by function. 2. Redo (1) above, this time using the contribution format with costs organized by behavior. Show costs and revenues on both a tally and per unit tush down through contribution margin. 3. Refer to the income statement prepared in (2) above. wherefore top executive it be misleading to show the fixed costs on a per unit basis? Solution 5-12 1. House of Organs, Inc. Income Statement For the Month Ended November 30 Sales (60 organs ? $2,500 per organ) $1,50,000 Cost of goods sold (60 organs ? 1,500 per organ) 90,000 Gross margin 60 ,000 Selling and administrative expenses Selling expenses Advertising $950 Delivery of organs (60 organs ? $60 per organ) 3,600 Sales salaries and commissions $4,800 + (4% ? 150,000) 10,800 Utilities 650 Depreciation of sales facilities 5,000 Total selling expenses 21,000 Administrative expenses Executive salaries 13,500 Depreciation of office equipment 900 clerical $2,500 + (60 organs ? 40 per organ) 4,900 Insurance 700 Total administrative expenses 20,000 Total selling and administrative expenses 41,000 Net operating income $? 19,000 2. House of Organs, Inc. Income Statement For the Month Ended November 30 Total Per Unit Sales (60 organs $2,500 per organ) $1,50,000 $2,500 Variable expenses Cost of goods sold (60 organs ? $1,500 per organ) 90,000 1,500 Delivery of organs (60 organs ? $60 per organ) 3,600 60 Sales commissions (4% ? $150,000) 6,000 100 Clerical (60 organs ? 40 per organ) 2,400 40 Total variable expenses 1,02,000 1,700 Contribution margin 48,000 $800 Fixed expenses Advertising 950 Sales salaries 4,800 Utilities 650 Depreciation of sales facilities 5,000 Executive salaries 13,500 Depreciation of office equipment 900 Clerical 2,500 Insurance 700 Total fixed expenses 29,000 Net operating income $19,000 3. Fixed costs remain constant in total but alter on a per unit basis with changes in the activity level. Problem 5-15 High-Low Method, Predicting Cost Golden fraternitys total belt costs at various levels of activity are presented below Month Machine-Hours Total overhead Costs blemish 50,000 $1,94,000 April 40,000 1,70,200 May 60,000 2,17,800 June 70,000 2,41,600 Assume that the overhead costs above consist of utilities, supervisory salaries, and tutelage. The crack-up of these costs at the 40000 machine-hour level of activity is as follows Utilities (variable).. $52,000 Supervisory salaries (fixed). 60,000 Maintenance (mixed).. 58,200 Total overh ead costs. $1,70,200 The company wants to break down the maintenance cost into its basic variable and fixed cost elements. Required 1. As shown above overhead costs in June amounted to $241600. Estimate how much of this consisted of maintenance cost. (Hint to do this, it may be helpful to first determine how much of the $241600 consisted of utilities and supervisory salaries. 2. utilize the high-low method, estimate a cost formula for maintenance. 3. Express the companys total overhead costs in the linear equation form Y=a+bx. 4. What total overhead costs would expect to be incurred at an operating activity level of 45000 machine-hours. Solution 5-15 . Maintenance cost at the 70,000 machine-hour level of activity can be isolated as follows Level of Activity 40,000 MH 70,000 MH Total factory overhead cost $1,70,200 $2,41,600 Deduct Utilities cost $1. 0 per MH* 52,000 91,000 Supervisory salaries 60,000 60,000 Total maintenance cost at the low activity level $58,200 $9 0,600 $58,200 *$52,000 ? 40,000 = $1. 30 per MH 2.High-low analysis of maintenance cost Maintenance Cost Machine-Hours High activity level $90,600 70,000 Low activity level 58,200 40,000 Change $32,400 30,000 Variable cost per unit of activity pic Total fixed cost Therefore, the cost formula is $15,000 per month plus $1. 8 per machine-hour or Y = $15,000 + $1. 08X, where X represents machine-hours. 3. Variable Rate per Machine-Hour Fixed Cost Maintenance cost $1. 08 $15,000 Utilities cost 1. 30 Supervisory salaries cost 60,000 Totals $2. 8 $75,000 Therefore, the cost formula would be $75,000 plus $2. 38 per machine-hour, or Y = $75,000 + $2. 38X. 4. Fixed costs $? 75,000 Variable costs $2. 38 per MH ? 45,000 MHs 1,07,100 Total overhead costs $1,82,100 Problem 5-17 High-Low Method cost of Goods Manufactured. NuWay. Inc, manufactures a one product. Selected data from the companys cost records for two recent months are given below. Level of Activity Ju ly-Low October-High Number of units produced 9,000 12,000 Cost of goods manufactured $2,85,000 survey in process inventory, parentage 3,90,000 Work in process inventory, ending 14,000 22,000 Direct materials cost per unit 25,000 Direct labor cost per unit 15,000 Manufacturing overhead cost, total 15 15 6 6 ? ? The companys manufacturing overhead cost consists of both variable and fixed cost elements. In order to have data available for planning, management wants to determine how much of the overhead cost is variable with units produced and how much of it is fixed per year. Required 1. For both July and October, estimate the amount of manufacturing overhead cost added to production. The company had no under-or over applied overhead in either month. Hint A useful way to proceed might be to construct a schedule of cost goods manufactured. ) 2. utilize the high low method of cost analysis, estimate a cost form ula for manufacturing overhead. Express the variable portion of the formula in terms of a variable rate per unit of product. 3. If 9500 units were produced during a month, what would be the cost of goods manufactured? (Assume that the companys beginning work in process inventory for the month is $16000 and that its ending work in process inventory is $19000. Also, assume that there is no under or over applied overhead cost for the month. Solution 5-17 High Low Method, COGM 1. Nu Way Inc. Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured JulyLow OctoberHigh 9,000 Units 12,000 Units Direct materials cost $15 per unit $1,35,000 $1,80,000 Direct labor cost $6 per unit 54,000 72,000 Manufacturing overhead cost 1,07,000 * 1,31,000 * Total manufacturing costs 2,96,000 3,83,000 Add Work in process, beginning 14,000 22,000 3,10,000 4,05,000 Deduct Work in process, ending 25,000 15,000 Cost of goods manufactured $2,85,000 $3,90,000 2. Units Produced Cost Observed October High level of activity 12,000 $1,31,000 JulyLow level of activity 9,000 1,07,000 Change 3,000 $24,000 pic Total cost at the high level of activity $1,31,000 Less variable cost element ($8 per unit ? 12,000 units) 96,000 Fixed cost element $35,000 Therefore, the cost formula is $35,000 per month plus $8 per unit produced, or Y = $35,000 + $8X, where X represents the number of units produced. 1. The cost of goods manufactured if 9,500 units are produced Nu Way Inc. Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured Direct materials cost (9,500 units ? $15 per unit) $1,42,500 Direct labor cost (9,500 units ? $6 per unit) 57,000 Manufacturing overhead cost Fixed portion $35,000 Variable portion (9,500 units ? 8 per unit) 76,000 1,11,000 Total manufacturing costs 3,10,500 Add Work in process, beginning 16,000 3,26,500 Deduct Work in process, ending 19,000 Cost of goods manufactured $3,07,500 Edition 11 Problem 5-18 Marwicks pianos inc. purchase pianos from a large ma nf. And sells them at the retail level . the pianos cost on the average $2450 each from the mnf. Marwicks pianos inc. sell the pianos to its customers at an average price of $3125 each . the selling and administrative costs that the company incurs in a typical month are presented below Costs Cost Formula Selling Advertising $700 per month Delivery of organs $30 per organ sold Sales salaries and commissions $950 per month plus 4% interest Utilities $350 per month Depreciation of sales facilities $800 per month Administrative Executive salaries $2,500 per month Depreciation of equipment $400 per month Clinical $1,000 per month plus $20 per organ sold Insurance $300 per month During august, marwicks pianos inc. sold and delivered 40 pianos REQUIRED 1. Prepare income statement for marwicks pianos inc. for august. Use the traditional format, with cost organized by function. 2. Redo 1 above, this time using the contribution format, with cost organized by behavior . Show costs and revenues on both a total and a per unit basisdown through contribution margin. 3. Refer to the income statement you preferred in 2 above. Why might it be misleading to show the fixed costs on a per unit basis? Problem 5-19 Amfac comp. manf. A single product. The company keeps careful records of manufacturing activities from which the following inf. Have been extracted. Level of Activity March low June high Number of units produced 6,000 9,000 Cost of goods manufactured $1,68,000 Work in process inventory, beginning 2,57,000 Work in process inventory, ending 9,000 32,000 Direct materials cost per unit 15,000 Direct labor cost per unit 21,000 Manufacturing overhead cost, total 6 6 10 10 ? ? Required For the both March and June, estimate the amount of manufacturing overhead cost added to production. The comp. had no under O. H . IN either month Using the high low method, estimate a cost fo rmula for manf. O. H. expresses the variable portion of the formula in terms of a variable rate per unit of product. If 7000 units are produced during a month, what would be the cost of good manufacture? Work in process is same. Problem 5-24 High-Low Method Predicting cost L01, L03 Nova Companys total overhead costs at various levels of activity are resented below Month Machine-Hours Total Overhead Costs April 70,000 $1,98,000 May 60,000 1,74,000 June 80,000 2,22,000 July 90,000 2,46,000 Assume that total overhead costs above consist of utilities, supervisory salaries and maintenance. The breakdown of these costs at the 60,000 machine- hour level of activity is Utilities (variable).. $48,000 Supervisory salaries (fixed). $21,000 Maintenance (mixed).. $1,05,000 Total overhead costs. $1,74,000 Nova Companys management wants to break down the maintenance cost into its variable and fixed cost elements. Required 1. Estimate how much of the $246,000 of overhead cost in July was maintenance cost. (Hint to do this, it may be helpful to first determine how much of the $246,000 consisted of utilities and supervisory salaries. Think about the behavior of variable and fixed costs ) 2. Using the high-low method, estimate a cost formula for maintenance. 3. Express the companys total overhead costs in the linear equation form 4. Y=a + bX 5. What total over head costs would you expect to be incurred at an operating activity level of 75,000 machine-hours? Page4

The Increase of Illicit Stimulant Use on College Campuses

The Increase of outlawed Stimulant map on College Camp expenditures Stephanie Lobe Upper Iowa University December 5, 2011 ABSTRACT Numerous studies ar finding that college savants in the unify States argon relying on arousal practice of medicines prescribed for minimal brain damage with out(p) a prescription(prenominal) drug(prenominal) medicine dose(prenominal) and for nonmedical reasons, most comm all beca handling students believe these medications stub enhance their cognitive performance. Research finds that students opus these input signals pay off become a part of the college culture and are easier to obtain than alcohol.This paper will discuss the prevalence of practise on college camp handlings in the conk together States and twain the pedantic and non academician indigences these students use prescription remarks extracurricularly. In the United States, the domestic sales for prescription input signal ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) medications such as Ritalin, Adderall, and Dexedrine are increasing at remarkable rolls. Between 1991 and 1999, sales of these prescription excitants ontogenesisd all over ergocalciferol partage. As the prise of legal use increases, so does the rate of illegitimate or nonmedical use, especially on our college campuses.selective information shows that these drugs have high-pitched abuse potentials and produce effects very similar to cocain. Because of the potential for physical and psychological dependency and risk of abuse, the US Drug Enforce workforcet Administration classifies these stimulants as Schedule II substances (Woodworth, 2000). Unfortunately, most students con military positionr these drugs safe and do not realize the potential side effects and risk for abuse. There is a perception that nonmedical use of these drugs is morally acceptable if use for academic rather than recreational purposes (DeSantis, 2008).In, 2002, thither had not yet been a lot of resear ch conducted on extracurricular stimulant use on campus. At this season, Graf Low and A. E. Gendaszak surveyed undergrads at a small college in the United States to see information on the legal and nefarious use of stimulants on the college campus. The authors also wanted to research how perfectionism and sensation seek behavior contrisolelyed to abuse of some(prenominal) legal and illegal stimulants. Low and Gendaszak hypothesized that students influenced by perfectionism would be believably to abuse prescription stimulants (i. e.Ritalin, Adderall) and sensation pursuance students would be to a greater extent likely to abuse both prescription stimulants and illegal stimulants (i. e. methamphetamines, cocaine). Of 160 questionnaires distributed to students in an undergraduate psychology course, 150 questionnaires were returned. The questionnaires assessed selected demographic variables and the abuse of prescription and illegal stimulants during the previous 12 months. It i s important to note that for this record, outlaw(a) stimulant use is defined as taking prescription stimulants (Adderall, Ritalin, etc) without a prescription.Illegal stimulant use is defined as taking the illegal course stimulants cocaine or MDMA (ecstasy). Participants were also questi onenessd approximately their reasons for utilize stimulants. Two measures that have demonstrated reliableness and validity with college students were administered to assess possible correlates of use the Multidi workforcesional Perfectionism Scale and the Sensation Seeking Scale. Ten percent of the students participating were prescribed stimulants by a medical professional and researchers automatically categorized them as non-abusers.In this diary article, the authors do not report the total number or percent of participants that were retrieveed illicit users. They do report that analysis of the illicit users showed that 10% abused stimulants monthly and 8% weekly. There were a significantly high(prenominal) number of workforce than women reporting illicit use, but no divergency in their motivations for use. The common motivations for use were to improve intellectual performance, to be more efficient and to use in combination with alcohol. Of the total of students participating, 34% reported taking cocaine, MDMA or both within the break down 12 months.It was anchor that illegal stimulant use was highly correlated with illicit use of prescription stimulants. Researchers also found there was a correlation mingled with having a prescription for stimulants and employ illegal stimulants. Eighty-eight percent of the illegal users reported use MDMA vs. cocaine with men reporting greater use than women. Almost always, the motivation for illegal stimulant use was for recreational purposes. Sensation seeking and perfectionism were dichotomized based on a average split to produce categorical variables for analysis of variance.A two by two analysis of variance was carried o ut (high or low perfectionism by high or low sensation seeking) with the illicit use of prescription drugs as the dependent variable and gender as a covariate. The main effect for sensation seeking was significant, but perfectionism was not associated with self-reported use. However, the two-way interaction between sensation seeking and perfectionism was significant. High sensation seeking perfectionists had the greatest self-reported abuse of prescription stimulants (Low, 2002).In the research test, Illicit uptake of prescription(prenominal) ADHD Medications on a College Campus a Mul clockthodical Approach, both denary surveys and qualitative interviews were conducted to collect data on college students perceptions of illicit prescription stimulant use and the prevalence of use. With the combined methods, 1,811 undergraduate students from a large, public, southeastern research university participated. Seventy-eight of these students had a prescription to treat ADHD and were rem oved from the sphere, leaving a total of 1,733 participants.This correction found that of those participants, 34 % of used prescription stimulants illegally and for nonmedical reasons. The results suggested that illicit use of the stimulants was more common in Caucasians, men, upperclassmen, and students belonging to Greek organizations. Interviews with students allowed researchers to gather detailed information about their perceptions of stimulant prescription drugs, the circumstances of the graduation exercise time they used a stimulant and what their motives were.During the interviews, it was discovered how prevalent illicit use of these medications are as well as how nervelessly this use was discussed on campus with many students stating, its no big deal. Of the illegal users in the study, 63% used stimulants for the first time in college and for most the first time of use was at a time of high academic stress. For more than two-thirds of these users, this occurred during fi nals or when they had multiple tests in one day. First time users had little bashledge about the side effects of stimulant medication, the appropriate doses, or the legal consequences of using these drugs illicitly.Of illegal users, 72% reported using the drugs to stay awake and study longer or to decoct on work. Many students claimed they could be more productive and reported being able to study for up to 3-5 hours straight without acquire distracted or taking a break. Others reported the stimulants made them smarter because they were able to con & retain information, grasp ideas and recall information come apart. One participants description of the drug Adderall was, the fill is like an academic anabolic steroid. There were a few students that reported use of the stimulants for nonacademic purposes.Some these reasons include that the drugs gave them the ability to stay up all night for parties, be more talkative and affectionate at parties and feel the effects of alcohol qu icker. Students also reported that when crushed and snorted, the drugs produced a high similar to cocaine (DeSantis, 2008). In the study, Illicit Use of Prescription Stimulant Medication Among College Students, authors also investigate how prevalent illicit use is at a Midwestern campus as well as why students are abusing these drugs. trine different methods were used to recruit students for the study.A list of randomly selected students residing in residence halls, 500 female and 500 male, was obtained from the universitys registrar office. A cover letter and questionnaire were sent to these students and then a second questionnaire was send to those who had not responded within two weeks. The researchers also held three sessions that were open to introductory psychology students who would receive course credit for completing the questionnaire. The last effort to recruit students include researchers going door to door on mens wings in residence halls.The combined total of respons es was 552. The survey completed consisted of 85 items with the first discussion section including questions about demographics and personal information. The questions on the remainder of the survey used a Likert-type scale (1=powerfully disagree, 2=disagree, 3=neutral, 4=agree, 5=strongly agree). Questions were separated into two sections for statistical analysis. The second section obtained specific information from individuals who reported they had illicitly taken stimulant medication.Results from the survey found that 17% of the men surveyed and 11% of the women surveyed had used prescription stimulants for non-medical reasons. Forty- four percent of the students surveyed reported that they knew someone who had used prescribed stimulant medication illicitly for academic or recreational reasons. Authors found that the main reason for use was to increase vigilance and energy and use was associated with experiencing time and academic pressures of college life (Hall, 2005). The pu rpose of a study make in the Journal of Human pharmacology andDrug Therapy was to explore illicit use of specific prescription stimulants among college students and the reasons and routes of constitution associated with illicit use of these drugs. The study was conducted at a large Midwestern university in 2005. A random sample of 5,389 full-time, undergraduate students were selected from the total population of 20, 138 full-time students. In order to produce reliable prevalence estimates for minority racial and ethnic groups, researchers oversampled 652 Hispanic, 634 African American and 244 Asian students.Students in the sample were mailed a letter describing the study and inviting students to self-administer a confidential web survey. Participants were eligible for a sweepstakes that included cash prizes, give out vouchers and former(a) prizes. The final response rate exceeded the average rate for national college based studies of alcohol and separate drugs with a 66% respon se rate. The final sample closely resembled the demographics of the overall student population and consisted of 4,580 undergraduate students.The results from the survey indicated that 8. 3% of the participants had used illicit prescription stimulants in their lifetime and 5. 9% had used them in the historic year. Three out of four of the illicit users reported taking Adderall and one out of four illicit users reported taking Ritalin. Unlike other studies of this nature, the authors report there were no differences in past year illicit prescription stimulant use between men and women. They did find statistically significant ethnic-racial differences in past year use with 8. % of Hispanics having used illicit prescription stimulants, 7% of Caucasians, 3. 4% of Asians, 1. 9% of African Americans and 3. 6% of those categorized as other. Sixty-five percent of the lifetime users began using illicit prescription stimulants during college rather than before starting college. Logistic regre ssion showed students who began using prescription stimulants illicitly before ingress college were three times as likely to use these drugs during college compared to those who had not used them before entering college.When flavor at the motivations of students using illicit prescription stimulants, researchers found significant differences between gender and ethnic-racial groups. Men were more likely than women to report using these drugs to experiment, get high, and counteract the effects of other drugs. Women were more likely than men to report using prescription stimulants to lose weight, to swear out study, and to increase alertness. There was not a difference between sexes regarding the most frequently cited motive which was to help with concentration.There were no African Americans that reported using illicit prescription stimulants to get high, but over 20% of Caucasians, Hispanics, Asians, and others reported this as a motive. The results for experimenting as a motive w ere similar. Most African American students who reported using prescription stimulants illicitly listed the motives to help slim or to help study. Students who reported using prescription stimulants illicitly before entering college were more likely to use these drugs during the past year to get high, lose weight or experiment.Students who did not start using prescription stimulants until enrolled in college were more likely to report the motive to help study. The results of this study also revealed findings about the routes in which students administered illicit prescription stimulants. Ninety-five percent of illicit users reported oral administration. Thirty-eight percent reported snorting the prescription stimulants and a very small percentage reported smoking, inhaling or injecting these drugs. incomplete gender nor race-ethnicity were associated with routes of administration.However, students who began using illicit prescription stimulants before college were more likely to r eport snorting the drugs than those who started using during college. The authors report their study is the first to empirically document the claim that use of Adderall is the primary prescription stimulant used illicitly by college students. Hypothesizes to why the use of Adderall may be growing relative to other stimulants such as Ritlan, generally fall into three categories availability, pharmacokinetic differences between stimulant drugs, and pharmacologic differences.In another study cited by the authors, college students reported Adderall was used more frequently because it was easily accessible, caused fewer emotional ups and downs, and was believed to work better overall. The authors explain that there are differences in the mechanism of action of Adderall that may result in this drug being more appealing to college students. The effects of the drug will last longer and may find higher dopamine levels in the brain than occur when taking Ritalin (Teter, 2006).A study do by Rachel Judson & Susan W Langdon investigated illicit use of stimulant medications on college campuses considering the theory of be after behavior. This theory states that attitudes, beliefs about social norms, and perceived control work together to create intentions which predict health related behavior. The study included a total of 333 participants from two small competitive New England college campuses. Two survey forms were distributed one for menstruation stimulant prescription holders and one for non-prescription holders. The surveys were self-administered online.The study found that 20% of all participants reported illicit use of stimulants. Of the prescription holders, 46% reported illicit use (using for reasons other than prescribed or at increase doses) and of the non-prescription holders, 18. 3% reported illicit use. The two most predominant motives were to improve concentration and to increase alertness or stay awake. This indicates that academic reasons were more pre valent than recreational reasons for taking the medication. For non-prescription holders, the results were consistent with the theory of planned behavior.Attitudes, perceived norms and a sense of low control held by illicit users may act as rationalizations for their illicit use of stimulant medication (Judson, 2009). Many studies have been done investigating how perceived noisomeness influences nonmedical drug use and there have also been separate studies done investigating the association between nonmedical drug use and high sensation-seeking characteristics. This study takes both variables into consideration and explores whether the association between perceived harmfulness and nonmedical drug use vary by level of sensation-seeking.Participants included 1, 253 first year college students from a large, publicly-funded university in the mid-Atlantic region with an ethnically diverse student embody. Personal interviews were conducted with participants and then participants were f ollowed up with twice at six month intervals. Researchers go steadyd the association between the two variables of perceived harmfulness and level of sensation-seeking characteristics because they believed it was important to consider the possibility that sensation-seeking characteristics can influence risk perception.Results from this study indicated that one in four students perceived a great risk of harm from occasional nonmedical use of prescription stimulants and analgesics. Low perceived harmfulness and high sensation-seeking were independently associated with increased risk of nonmedical use. At most levels of sensation-seeking, high perceived harmfulness did affect nonmedical prescription drug use however, among high sensation-seekers, perceived harmfulness was not related to nonmedical use of prescription analgesics.This study found that individuals with low perceived harmfulness were approximately 10 times more likely to use prescription drugs for both stimulants and analg esics, as compared to those individuals with high perceived harmfulness. Another important finding was that individuals with low or moderate sensation-seeking tendencies were especially susceptible to the influence of perceived harmfulness (Arria, 2008). An article published online, New Findings on the Misuse of ADHD Medications by College Students, reviews one of the largest studies conducted regarding nonmedical use of stimulants on college campuses.In 2001, nearly 11,000 students attending 119 nationally representative, 4-year colleges in the United States were surveyed about their nonmedical use of prescription stimulants. The involvement of such a high number of universities across the country overcomes one of the major limitations of other studies done on this topic. Because most studies collect data from only one college, the results cannot be accurately generalized to college populations outside of that type of institution or region. This study found that the average rate f or nonmedical use of stimulants during the participants lifetime was 6. % during the last year was 4. 1% and during the last month was 2. 1%. The rate of use of stimulants varied dramatically across the campuses surveyed with rates ranging from 0% to as high as 25%. Findings from this study indicate that the highest rates of nonmedical use of prescription stimulants are highest at colleges with competitive admission standards. More than 80% of schools with a past year prevalence rate higher than 10% had highly competitive admission standards and were located in the Northeast or Southern United States.Results of the motives for illicit stimulant use were comparable to other studies with the three top motivations being to help with concentration, to help with alertness and to get high (Ashley Childrens Psychology Center, n. d. ). Most research studies regarding the illicit use of prescription stimulants on college campuses use a randomly selected sample size of over 1,000 participants . In the study, Illicit Use of Prescription ADHD Medications on a College Campus A Multimethodological Approach, students participating in part I of the research, a quantitative survey, are recruited through a large introductory communications course.This course is a social intuition requirement and was selected to represent students from different majors across the campus. To ensure the upperclassmen were also represented in the study, excess surveys were distributed in an upper division communications course as well as the general student body. The second part of the study included qualitative interviews with 175 full-time, undergraduate students. The authors fail to report how these students were recruited.It is not know if these students were randomly selected from the general student population or if they were selected from the group of students who completed the survey. This research was done at a large, southeastern research university in the United States (DeSantis, 2008). Studies relating to the illicit use of stimulants on college campuses have found a significant variance in the prevalence of usage depending on factors such as admission standards and location of the university (Ashley Childrens Psychology Center. (n. . ). Due to this, the study done at this southeastern research university cannot be generalized to the college population as a whole. This study used both quantitative and qualitative studies. Data was collected from surveys administered in the classroom as well as from scripted, in-depth interviews with students. The authors designed and pretested the 25-item survey for this study by conducting a pilot study of 94 students. After receiving feedback from the students, question wording and survey structure were revised.The interviews were conducted by students who had all completed an upper-division research methods course and were certified by the universitys institutional review board. Interviewers were charge specific demographic gr oups to facilitate the comfort and trust levels of interviewees. Interviews with students allowed researchers to gather detailed information about their perceptions of stimulant prescription drugs, the circumstances of the first time they used a stimulant and what their motives were. Interviews revealed that many students viewed illicit prescription stimulant use as part of the culture of ampus life (DeSantis, 2008). This study showed that 34% of the students who participated in the study had used prescription stimulant medications for nonmedical purposes. This rate is significantly higher than most published studies about stimulant use on college campuses however, studies have found that rates vary greatly depending on demographic factors (Teter, 2006). The authors stick out three explanations as to the reason their study reported a significantly higher prevalence rate of use on campuses 1.ADHD stimulant use may be rising nationwide and as time passes, this phenomenon continues to grow 2. Rates of use may vary on different college campuses and this campus may have a higher prevalence of use and 3. The relatively high proportion of Greek students in the student body may have contributed to the higher prevalence rate. In relation to explanation 2, it was also noted that this study took place in a state that has been ranked as one of the top three states in the nation for ADHD diagnosis.To estimate the proportion of individuals who used illicit stimulants by demographic category, the number of users in each category was divided by the total number surveyed in each category. Using results displayed by demographic category use and non-stimulant use, data was cross tabulated by the same demographics factors and a chi-square analysis was conducted to examine statistically significant differences. The resulting data suggested that illicit prescription stimulant use was more common in men, white students, upperclassmen, and members of Greek organizations. Most other studies have published similar results (DeSantis, 2008).The study, Illicit Use of proper(postnominal) Prescription Stimulants Among College Students Prevalence, Motives and Routes of Administration found that there is a significantly higher prevalence of use in Caucasian and Hispanic students. These two ethnic groups reported rates of use at 8. 5% and 7%, respectively. Use for African Americans students was only 1. 9%. Another notable difference related to ethnicity was that while over 20% of Hispanic and Caucasian students reported one of the motives of using prescription stimulants was to get high 0% of African American students reported that motivation (Teter, 2006).Quantitative data showed students primary motive for taking ADHD medication was to earn better grades in school. With the augmentation o the qualitative data, researchers discovered a myriad of more problematic motives defining when and why these students took stimulants. Researchers found that most students used pr escription stimulants during finals week or periods of high academic stress. They also discovered some what some of the non-academic motives were such as staying up all night for parties, getting drunk quicker, and to be more social (DeSantis, 2008).Other studies have revealed similar findings with other non-academic motives being to help with losing weight, to get high, to experiment and to counteract the effects of other drugs (Teter, 2006). As discussed, the possible biases of this study were the fact that there was a high number of students in Greek organizations in the student body and that the study focuses on one campus noting the prevalence of use can vary greatly depending on the region the university is located in as well as other factors such as the competiveness of the school.The authors did not attempt to control these biases in their study, but in future studies an oversampling of students not involved in Greek organizations as well as a sample from several schools acr oss the country could help control these biases (DeSantis, 2008). Each of these studies identifies the prevalent, increasing illicit use of stimulant medications for nonmedical uses, primarily motivated by academic reasons. It is apparent that most students do not know the dangers or risks of taking these medications and prescription stimulants are more socially acceptable than other drugs.Many students appear exempt their use because it is for academic reasons rather than recreational reasons. This is a terrifying trend that can result in many unwanted outcomes, the worst being death. References Arria, A. M. , Calderia, K. M. , Vincent, K. B. , OGrady, K. E. , & Wish, E. D. (2008, July 17). Perceived harmfulness predicts nonmedical use of prescription drugs among college students Interactions with sensation-seeking. In home(a) Institutes of Health. Retrieved November 10, 2011, from http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC2574828/ Ashley Childrens Psychology Center. (n. d. . New Findings on the Misuse of ADHD Medications by College Students. In Ashley Psychology. Retrieved December 2, 2011, from http//ashleypsychology. com/Articles/010608. html pic DeSantis, A. D. , Webb, E. M. , & Noar, S. M. (2008, November). Illicit Use of Prescription ADHD Medications on a College Campus A Multimethodological Approach. Journal of American College Health, 51(3), 315-325. Retrieved November 12, 2011, from EBSCOhost. Hall, K. M. , Irwin, M. M. , Bowman, K. A. , Frankenberger, W. , & Jewett, D. C. (2005, January). Illicit Use of Prescription Stimulant Medication Among College Students.Journal of American College Health, 53(4), 167-174. Retrieved November 30, 2011, from EBSCOhost. Judson, R. , & Langdon, S. W. (2009, January). Illicit Use of Prescription Stimulants Among College Students Prescription Status, Motives, Theory of be after Behaviour, Knowledge and Self Diagnostic Tendencies. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 14(1), 97-104. doi10. 1080/13548500802126723. Low, G. K. , & Gendaszek, A. E. (2002, August 1). Illicit Use of Psychostimulants Among College Students A forward Study. Psychology of Health and Medicine, 7(3), 283-287. doi10. 1080/13548500220139386Teter, C. J. , McCabe, S. , LaGrange, K. , Cranford, J. A. , & Boyd, C. J. (2006, October 26). Illicit Use of Specific Prescription Stimulants Among College Students Prevalence, Motives and Routes of Administration. The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, 26(10), 1501-1510. doi10. 1592/phco. 26. 10. 1501 Woodworth, T. (2000, May 16). DEA Congressional Testimony. Presented to the Committee on Education and the Workforce Subcommittee on archean Childhood, Youth and Families. Retrieved November 13, 2011 from http//www. dea. gov/pubs/cngrtest/ct051600. htm.