Ben Franklin Aphorism free essay sample

Benjamin Franklin made this statement. It could be interpreted in many different ways depending on how you look at it. Some people see it as though you never know what tomorrow holds. So if you have time to do what that you have to do tomorrow today, then you should go ahead and get it done. For instance, if you have some homework that you know youre going to have to do tomorrow and have time to do it today, you should go ahead and get it done.That way you have more time to do something for yourself tomorrow, which you wouldnt be able to if you hadnt done that homework today. Other people look at it as though tomorrow may never come, therefore you should do as much as you possibly can today. No one likes to admit it, but you all know that death can happen at any time. We will write a custom essay sample on Ben Franklin Aphorism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page You never know when you will take your last breath. You should always tell your family and friends that you love them today, for tomorrow you may not be here to tell them or it may be that they are not here for you to tell hem how much you love and care for them.No matter which way you look at it, you should try your hardest to get everything you can get done today. You never know what tomorrow may bring. That way you have time to do something for yourself tomorrow. Of all the things this statement could get across to you, Just always remember to tell the people you care for Just how much you care, for tomorrow you may not be able to tell them Just that. Therefore, If you have to do something tomorrow, and have time to do It today, go ahead and get It done.

The Cell - Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

The Cell - Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells What Are Cells? Life is both wonderful and majestic. Yet for all of its majesty, all organisms are composed of the fundamental unit of life, the cell. The cell is the simplest unit of matter that is alive. From the unicellular bacteria to multicellular animals, the cell is one of the basic organizational principles of biology. Lets look at some of the components of this basic organizer of living organisms. Eukaryotic Cells and Prokaryotic Cells There are two primary types of cells: eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells are called so because they have a true nucleus. The nucleus, which houses DNA, is contained within a membrane and separated from other cellular structures. Prokaryotic cells, however, have no true nucleus. DNA in a prokaryotic cell is not separated from the rest of the cell but coiled up in a region called the nucleoid. Classification As organized in the Three Domain System, prokaryotes include archaeans and bacteria. Eukaryotes include animals, plants, fungi and protists (ex. algae). Typically, eukaryotic cells are more complex and much larger than prokaryotic cells. On average, prokaryotic cells are about 10 times smaller in diameter than eukaryotic cells. Cell Reproduction Eukaryotes grow and reproduce through a process called mitosis. In organisms that also reproduce sexually, the reproductive cells are produced by a type of cell division called meiosis. Most prokaryotes reproduce asexually and some through a process called binary fission. During binary fission, the single DNA molecule replicates and the original cell is divided into two identical daughter cells. Some eukaryotic organisms also reproduce asexually through processes such as budding, regeneration, and parthenogenesis. Cellular Respiration Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms get the energy they need to grow and maintain normal cellular function through cellular respiration. Cellular respiration has three main stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and electron transport. In eukaryotes, most cellular respiration reactions take place within the mitochondria. In prokaryotes, they occur in the cytoplasm and/or within the cell membrane. Comparing Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells There are also many distinctions between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell structures. The following table compares the cell organelles and structures found in a typical prokaryotic cell to those found in a typical animal eukaryotic cell. Cell Structure Prokaryotic Cell Typical Animal Eukaryotic Cell Cell Membrane Yes Yes Cell Wall Yes No Centrioles No Yes Chromosomes One long DNA strand Many Cilia or Flagella Yes, simple Yes, complex Endoplasmic Reticulum No Yes (some exceptions) Golgi Complex No Yes Lysosomes No Common Mitochondria No Yes Nucleus No Yes Peroxisomes No Common Ribosomes Yes Yes Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cell Structures

Philosophy IUP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philosophy IUP - Essay Example 2. No picture can be able to depict that it has a pictorial form 3. It is not possible for a picture to portray that any other image owns a pictographic appearance. 4. It is not possible for a picture to portray its own pictorial form. Statements 2 and 3 can only be valid if a picture is corresponding to a particular item in reality; this is an statement that is still debatable. In to accept this requirement, a counter example to 2 and 3 is that a spatial picture is capable of depicting anything that is spatial. In this case, therefore, for a normality that is partial to be portrayed, it means that spatial structures of the picture imply the pictorial appearance of the picture. The spatial normality depicted means the spatial appearance is also portrayed. We represent facts about reality to ourselves through pictures. The elements a picture has correspond to the elements that a fact also has. These elements constitute the fact. For instance, if a fact is formed by the combination of three pictures, then the fact also represents the three pictures if its picture is also taken. The elements of the three pictures must also be seen in the picture of the fact as well; all combined in a particular similar way. This combination of the elements of the image is what the author referred to as the structure of the picture. The illustrative appearance is what enables a picture to be able to organize its elements or components in a given determinate way. A picture only displays its pictorial form. It is not able to depict the pictorial form. 2.712 is the conclusion of other sentences in the Tractatus. According to 2.171, â€Å"a picture cannot in any way depict a reality of the form it has. Consequently, a spatial picture only depicts anything that is spatial while colored pictures depict anything that is colored, and so on†. Following 2.712 is 2.713. it states that a picture is only represent its subject from outside its position. This means that the picture will sh ow something from a position outside its own. 2.714 goes on to say that a picture is not able to put itself out of its representational form. These three other statements from Tractatus are the only points with which the conclusion can be proven. The only thing that a picture has in common with the state of affairs it assumes is the pictorial form it owns. Any particular picture owns a pictographic appearance. Therefore, a picture is only able to depict a reality of the form it has as its own. Even though 2.171 only speak of only ‘form’, this ‘form’ could be taken to mean the pictorial form too. According to 2.173 and 2.714 ‘subject’ is highlighted to mean the normality, which the picture is to portray. In this case, a picture should portray the pictographic appearance it has in the normality available. Nonetheless, the pictographic appearance exists in the image just as it exists in an entity. This is also the same as structure exists in state of affairs. There is no appearance or form that exists past an object or on the exterior of an object. Similarly, no structure exists of the boundaries of a state of affairs. From the point of view 2.174 represents, we may say that the idea of the self is relevant. This states that it is not possible for a person to be conscious of his or her own consciousness from the point of the same consciousness. Analogously, it is not possible to see a person’s opinion if viewed from the very same opinion. Similarly, it is not plausible, and commonly known that anything that cannot be conceived is virtually impossible. The author of this book, states that each image has its appearance. Nonetheless, it is not possible for the picture to be able to put itself outside the representational

Visual Analysis Paper for Art Humanities Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Visual Analysis for Art Humanities - Term Paper Example For instance, comprehension is improved greatly. It becomes more insightful and many people become interested in the message passed across1. A glance a clear visual analysis at the pieces of works by Pieter Bruegel, harvesters clearly portrays the plights of an ordinary or common man. The fact is, this is a true reflection of what happens world over, however much it may face suppression to suit the current humanism. This is so due to two possible reasons; either due to forced labour from the purported land owners or masters or by the circumstantial life challenges which includes economic constraints. Whatever the reason, it shows a basketful of challenges facing the ordinary man who has to struggle too much in order to survive and fit in the society. From the harvesters’ case, there is farming which is of a great thematic concern. It is natural to perform such duties as farming and this accords accreditation from both the traditional and supernatural commands. However, there is something very sceptical about this call. This is toil and it is supported by the individuals portrayed as exhausted and possibly taken away by a light nap. Others slightly off duty do so at the behest of the call of nature and that is for them to have a bite to keep them moving on. It shows that the struggles undergone by these so called farmers in order to get bountiful harvest; not in the sense of the word is excess. However much it may seem of a picnic, it depicts the realities of nature. That is, it makes the whole idea very natural, the time setting being appropriately manipulated. The terrain displays a beautiful landscape and the motivation exhibited by individual persons in the drawings is very real. There is nothing more appealing to the eye as a natural setting. The landscape shown in the drawing is ideal and is immensely handy in the art industry. Naturalness has brought more delight in the work of Pieter. It can be noted that the

History Of The Blue Harbour Brand Marketing Essay

History Of The Blue Harbour Brand Marketing Essay In 1884 Michael Marks, a Russian born Polish refugee opened a stall at Leeds Kirkgate market. Since then, Marks and Spencer was born, opening over 300 stores worldwide and also being the UKs largest clothing retailer. In 1999, online shopping was introduced to their website for customers to enjoy in the comfort of their own home. The internet had just started to become known and more and more people were staring to use it, so Marks and Spencer took this opportunity and set this up at the correct time. In 2000, MS brought out their healthy Count on us range, for the healthier people on diets or who were just watching what they ate. Their 1st Simply food stores opened in Surbiton Twickenham in 2001, selling nothing but healthy food, no home furnishing or clothes like the normal stores. They also launched Per Una a brand of clothing specifically targeting the fashion-conscious women. Shortly after in January 2001, Blue Harbour was introduced, a casual wear brand for males. View form and DB07 another brand of clothing was introduced in 2002, View form for sportswear and DB07 for children designed in collaboration with David Beckham. Mission Statement Marks and Spencers mission statement is broken into 3 parts which include: Vision To be the standard against which others are measured Mission To make aspirational quality accessible to all and Values Quality value, service, innovation and trust. This mission statement has been kept up since the start of making it; MS have worked hard to achieve all these factors. Even though there have been ups and downs during the years they have tried hard and have kept to their word. There are many companies which look up to MS and measure themselves against them, helping their company to improve and gain more customers. Marks and Spencers have been known for their quality value, service, innovation and trust to all their customers who as a company they have stuck to very well. They are continuing to attract new customers as well as keeping their old ones, offering them new and improved products all the time. Objectives Every year MS had many objectives which were to be met, they were not really split into long term and short term but just objectives as a whole for each coming year. In 2001, they had many objectives but their main ones were attracting new customers, developing stronger relationships with their suppliers, aim for market leadership and also to restore the heart of MS, stop non-core and profit losing activities and also to keep an effective balance sheet calling these three sectors their fundamental strengths. In 2002, not only did they want to develop stronger relationships with suppliers but also to build on a unique relationship with their customers. They needed to keep rebuilding on their fundamental strengths, continue to regain market leadership with value, quality and also appeal. It was aimed for MS to open their 1st standalone home store in spring 2003, also to improve every aspect of their company, overcome the competition and continue to attract more customers to their stores. Before 2004, the MS fundamental strengths were changed, which included improving the management team, still ensuring the balance sheet was effective and also delivering impactful but low cost improvements. In 2005, MS only wanted to refocus on their core values in their business which is quality, value, service, innovation and trust. Pestel Analysis In this section a PESTEL analysis will take place and will look at the external factors that impact on Mark and Spencers performance. Political According to the Marks and Spencer website there are constraints on out of town shopping has been but in place by the government. This is causing problems for M and S. This is because it is highly expensive for retail stores to be in the centre of large towns and cities with all the business rates and M and S is not selling enough produce to break even with these extra expenses they have to pay for being in the centre. MS is trying to move some of there stores out of the centres but with constraints it is causing problems for them. The UK not having the Euro is working as a disadvantage to MS in relation to there western European store because MS products are too expensive as there are being sold at UK prices. Economical The UK economy and currency is relatively strong compared to other countries so the strength of the pound is working as a disadvantage to Marks and Spencers in the UK and abroad. (www.bitc.org.uk) Current world events have affected global economies, which may result in fluctuations within the industry. This may lead to unpredictable consumer and supplier behaviours. Sociological Market trends are constantly changing and Mark and Spencers have always struggled to keep up with them. For example, Life style changes have made people more aware of their health, which has resulted in higher demand of quality health care related products. People are concerned with value for money. Consumers are concerned with their image, for example; they must have the latest labels. The population in the UK is ageing and with this, more people have a higher disposable income. Technological Internet shopping has lead to international buying opportunities, which means the consumer has an enormous amount of options when it comes to shopping. This means that the competition has also increased, but Marks and Spencers can use it to their advantage to promote new products and help to show that Marks and Spencers is an up to date company. (www.marksandspencers.com) Environmental MS is restricted to where they can build its stores because of the restrictions on Brown field sites and Green field sites. MS can only build on Brown field sites witch restricts them to having to stay in urban areas with competition. Legal The government is constantly redefining trading laws, which enables Marks and Spencers to trade for longer hours, for example; longer shopping hours on a Thursday. Marks and Spencers must follow advertising laws which are put in place to protect the consumer, but also to promote fair competition between companies. SWOT Analysis The Swot analysis looks at a companys strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats which are likely to have an impact on the companys performance. Strengths Marks and Spencers has been running since 1884 and has a good traditional reputation especially with the older generation. Marks and Spencers is also one of the biggest retailers on the high street having stores in most cities and large towns and with thirty other stores across the globe. (www.marksandspencers.com) The brand name is known in nearly every house hold. Marks and Spencers has a diversity of products such as food, underwear, menswear children wear, women wear and furniture. Weaknesses Fashions are constantly changing and Marks and Spencers has an inability to keep up with changes in the retail market. There are also problems with focusing on the right targets markets in terms of products and customers. (www.bitc.org.uk) Many consumers still feel that Mark and Spencers products are old fashioned and out dated compared to competitors. Even though this is some thing that Marks and Spencers is constantly trying to change. Marks and Spencers is now experiencing poor performance across the globe which has resulted in the pull out of foreign operations. Opportunities Marks and Spencers has the opportunity to collaborate with other companies to widen up product range even more. They could also collaborate with designers to help bring new ideas, and help expand on their furniture and beauty products. Threats There is constant competition from competitors such as John Lewis, Debenhams and Next. And especially from younger clothing competitors such as New Look. Ever changing fashions trends which Marks and Spencers struggle to manage is threatening Marks and Spencers performance. Gap analysis and Ratios A gap analysis involves identifying a gap or weakness in a specific company and looking to bridge that gap in order to meet a target objective as to where the company wants to be. The following quote helps to further identify a gap analysis: Gap analysis, consists of defining the present state, the desired or target state and hence the gap between them. In the later stages of problem solving the aim is to look at ways to bridge the gap defined www. Ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk [January 23] An example from Marks and Spencer is there downfall in the womenswear market, which in 2004 fell 0.6% to a 10.4% share of the market. Competition in womenswear has increased dramatically with women demanding style, quality, outstanding value and real choice. In order for Marks and Spencer to reclaim this market share they set out a clear plan, this involved listening to customers better during store visits, focus groups, better use of market data and keeping a closer eye on tracking trends, tracking competitors and also evaluating there own performance. From a purchasing point of view they looked to strengthen there buying teams, giving clearer responsibilities for design, buying and merchandising. The companies buying strategy changed to buy less, more frequently meaning better ranges and fresher lines of stock. It was also vital that Marks and Spencer didnt miss out on key trends like the previously did in 2003 such as with cardigans. In order to further close that gap Marks and Spencer learnt that they have to cater for particular needs and markets. For instance it is estimated that 42 % of womenswear brought is by women under the height of 5ft 3 inches, Marks and Spencer didnt previously cater for these, often producing large, baggy clothing. Now Marks and Spencer have now produced a petite range in 33 of its stores in order to cater for this market. The three ratios that were decided in order to assess Marks and Spencers financial position were the current ratio, gearing ratio and return on capital employed ratio. Firstly the current ratio can be calculated by dividing current assets by current liabilities, this identifies how far a firm can meet its short term liabilities from its current assets without having to raise finance by borrowing, selling fixed assets or issuing more shares. A ratio less than one for a period of time is a cause for concern; Marks and Spencers did have a healthy current ratio until 2003 but in the last couple of years they have dipped below one causing concern, whereas for example a competitive company such as Next has stayed consistent for the last 3-4 years. Secondly the gearing ratio can be calculated by total borrowings x 100 % and then divided by the capital employed. The ratio shows the proportion of capital employed, which is financed by borrowed funds. The relationship between both, ought to be balanced with shareholders funds significantly larger than the long term liabilities in order to have a health gearing ratio. The higher the gearing ratio, the higher the risk to the company is, as high levels of borrowing represent a significant risk to the company. In 2004 Marks and Spencers was sky high, massively bigger than that of competitors Next. The last ratio analysed was the return on capital employed, this can be calculated by Operating profit x 100% and then divided by capital employed. The ratio is an important indicator of how efficiently the business is being managed. As a rule if a company has a low return on capital employed then it is using its resources inefficiently even if the profit margin is high. In the years 2004-2005 both Marks and Spencers and Nets ROCE have been high indicating a healthy return on capital employed. Five force analysis Porters five forces model (below) can be used to help make an analysis of the competitive environment for a company within a certain industry. In this case, it is Marks and Spencer in the food and clothing industry. Source: Adapted from Porter, M, (1998) Competitive strategy, New York, free press QuickMBA, Strategic Management (1999) states that: The strategic business manager seeking to develop an edge over rival firms can use this model to better understand the industry context in which the firm operates. The threat of new entrants There are a variety of major companies in the market such as Next, Debenhams, Sainsburys and Tesco with regards to selling clothing and food products. These are well known companies which are strong in the market so the threat of new entrants is low. A company such as Marks and Spencer (MS) has a strong brand name which therefore creates a barrier to entry for potential new entrants. Companies would probably experience high start up losses in an attempt to try to promote its products in terms of trying to prise loyal customers away from MS. There is the threat however of company take over where one company buys another one out. Examples include Morrisons taking over Safeway and Walmart taking Asda in bids to try and create better companies without having to build many stores around the country. The government is also keen on new businesses starting up in the market to try to discourage a monopoly situation Bargaining power of suppliers MS has over 2000 direct suppliers where 1500 are for clothing and 500 for its food. Marks and Spencers corporate site online (2005) states: 90% of other products are now sourced overseas. Overseas suppliers provide plenty of choice for MS and also cheaper labour. The market that MS is in also makes it easier for the company to bargain with their suppliers because there are many suppliers which provide clothing and food which are relatively undifferentiated so MS can go to another supplier if they feel there are better suppliers to go to as opposed to their current ones. Bargaining power of buyers There are many clothing and food companies to choose from in terms of the consumer so it is the consumers who can dictate the price by demanding quality products at good prices. Clothing and food are not specific items unlike a Ferrari sports car. Food and clothing are readily available to everyone and so therefore it is important for a company like MS to offer quality goods at right prices in order to compete in a very price orientated market. With a Ferrari sports car, it is a very prestigious item and therefore prices are not as important for Ferrari. MS therefore needs to add value to their products such as the Autograph range of clothing launched in 2000 which The threat of substitute products If a product from a different company is cheaper then consumers may switch to that product. If there are low switching costs e.g. substitute products are much cheaper than MS ones then there could be more consumers switching to the cheaper product. For example, a pair of jeans in MS is  £25 but in Primark the jeans are £6. There are many retail stores selling clothes which are competing with MS and therefore could act as substitute products. To counteract the threat of substitutes, MS must concentrate on ensuring absolute product quality and customer service to keep loyal customers. The intensity of rivalry amongst existing competitors There food and (especially) the clothing market has fierce competition and MS must compete with companies such as Next, Debenhams, Tesco and Sainsburys for selling both their food and clothing products. These companies are all trying to obtain the largest market share possible in the retail sector. Conclusion Overall, MS (Marks and Spencer) have established themselves over 120 years as a well known high street name. The mission statement that has been created by MS, highlights that the company aims to be the standard to which other companies look too in terms of retailing. The objectives highlight on continuously improving the company (objectives in 2005 focused on the core values of the business). The SWOT analysis shows that MS is a very well known company although is poor at keeping up with fashion changes and therefore must be wary of changes and regard them as a threat. The five force analysis shows intense competition within the industry with big companies such as Next and Debenhams selling clothes and Tesco and Asda selling clothes and food. MS must be wary of substitute products with stores such as Matalan and Primark offering these products and also MS must recognise that the customer has high buyer power as they have the choice of many retailers at different prices.

Enlightenment Movie Study

The Enlightenment Movie Study Guide Part One 1. What other names is often used when referring to the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment is often referred to as the Age of Reason 2. What was Sir Issac Newton's role in the Enlightenment? Identified other natural laws to explain the workings of the universe 3. What changes did they encourage for social progress? Religious tolerance, education reforms, and prison reforms 4. What long-standing political belief did Enlightenment thinkers question? Monarchs rule by divine rightPart Two 5. What important idea did John Locke write about in the Two Treatises of Government? He argued that government should protect people's natural rights to life, liberty, and property 6. What was Voltaire's role in the Enlightenment Era? He wrote plays, novels, and essays attacking slavery, religious intolerance, and other social and political injustices. Passionate advocate for â€Å"Freedom of Speech† Part Three 7. What important political idea did Monte squieu introduce? Introduced the concept of â€Å"Check and balances† . How did Jean-Jacque Rousseau ideas differ from other Enlightenment philosophers? Criticized what he saw as the Enlightenment's excessive reliance on reason, argued  that people should trust their instincts and emotions Part Four 9. Explain the Main Idea behind Rousseau's Social Contract? He explained that government should be based on a contract that allows people to rule themselves by adhering to the general will 10. Analyze which Enlightenment philosopher expressed the most democratic ideas.Use at least three facts from the movies to support your answer. Charles de Montesquieu was a 18th century French philosopher who expressed the most democratic ideas during his time. He divided power between the king and parliament, much like the president and congress. He advocated dividing the government into three independent branches: the executive, legislative and judicial. He had a strong belief for equal dis tribution of power amongst the branches. Therefore, he introduced the concept of â€Å"Checks and Balances. †

The Inenvention of the Wheel

The invention of the wheel is the single most important invention in the world. The wheel did not only shape our world in transportation but it helped evolve many inventions. The wheel is estimated to have been invented in 3500 B. C. (Reynolds). There have been many changes to the wheel that have made it a more advanced invention and changed into newer inventions. The wheel has shaped our world geographically, economically, and culturally. The evolution of transportation became capable with the invention of the wheel.Without the wheel the wagon would never had been invented (Reynolds). The invention of the wagon was the first of many inventions that came from the wheel that helped the transportation of goods for trade (Reynolds). The steam engine train was also another break through of technology from the wheel. The steam engine train made it possible to transport items from a greater distance, faster delivery, and it also made transporting goods for trade less expensive which led to a greater profit for the merchants (â€Å"Transportation Revolution†).With the capability of transporting goods over land quicker the economics of the world turned for the better. With the invention of vehicles people were beginning to be able to see the more of the world. The wheel helped many people see the amazing geography of their surroundings. In 1845 most vehicles had wooden and steel tires (Colvin). Robert Thomas invented the pneumatic tire which gave people and smoother and more enjoyable ride to see the places they wanted to visit (Colvin).The first type of wheel that was being used on vehicles was made of peer rubber, but later John Dunlop improved the solid rubber wheel into an air filled rubber wheel (Colvin). Even in China during 2000 BC wheels were put on chariots to carry kings and emperors around to see their kingdom (â€Å"Wheel†). Still today vehicles are the main source of getting around quickly. Many people travel the country in RVs to see at that is to see. Even the airplane would not be able to land without a wheel at the bottom.Without the invention for the wheel there would be no other way of getting around on land to see the sites that the world has in store for us. There are many inventions that use the same basic idea as the wheel. The pottery wheel never would have been invented if the wheel was never developed. The pottery wheel is an invention that has simply changed a few things about the wheel to make it work. The potter’s wheel is estimated to have been invented in 3000 BC and is a very important feature to the culture of nearly every country (Bryant).Pottery is one of the only ways we can tell how the ancient towns had worked. Many archeologists work for weeks if not months to try to dig up ancient pottery so that we can better understand the ancient culture. Pottery is not the only thing that the wheel affected. The wheel also helped the sport of racing become a big part of our culture. On April 23, 191 1 the world first of the world’s fastest mile was completed in 25 seconds (Carter). This was the start of many races in the US. Today without the ever being invented the sport of NASCAR never would have been thought up.Many people in the US enjoy watching this port and have made it a huge part of their life. The wheel is not only a great invention put it has shaped our would in so many different ways. The wheel has not only been changed many times but it has evolved into the greatest invention of man kind. The wheel has helped the world economically, geographically, and culturally for the better. This is why the wheel is considered to by the best invention in the world.Works Cited Bryant, Victor. â€Å"The Origins of the Pottery Wheel. † Ceramics Today. 26 Jan. 1996. Web. 14 Nov. 2009. . Carter, C. F. , and Isaac Marcosson. â€Å"Man’s Fastest Mile: The Automobile Age. † A. D. 1911. The Great Events by Famous Historians, Vol 21. Harrogate, TN: The Nationa l Alunmi, 1926. World Book Advanced. Web. 22 Nov. 2009. Colvin, Howard A. â€Å"Tire. † World Book Advanced. World Book, 2009. Web. 28 Oct. 2009. Reynolds, Terry S. â€Å"Invention. † World Book Advanced. World Book, 2009. Web. 28 Oct. 2009. â€Å"Transportation Revolution. † World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2009. Web. 28 Oct. 2009. . â€Å"Wheel. † The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008. Encyclopedia. com. 15 Nov. 2009 .