Effects of Training Hours on Cardiovascular System

outcomes of Training Hours on Cardiovascular SystemImran OsmanThe effect of the intermediate training hours per week on the cardiovascular physical fitness of pas seul playersStudies much(prenominal) as that by Shannan E. Gormley et al. (2008) and Tabata et al. (1996) clearly show that exercise and regular training have a positive effect on the heart (circulatory agreement) and the respiratory system and therefore on the cardiovascular fitness of the individual. The aim of this find out was to further endorse and determine the effect that training hours have on cardiovascular fitness of sport musicians. Both the resting heart rates and VO2 scoop shovel of sport performers were bourgeonn into account when measuring the cardiovascular fitness.Frequent training is of key importance for sport participants. Regular training should increase the aerobic fitness of the performer due to increasing their VO2 max and decreasing their resting heart rate. The hypothesis suggested that an increase in come training hours per week would results in an increase in VO2 max and decrease in heart rate. This is based on the fact that VO2 max is the maximum arrive of oxygen that the body evict utilise per minute during intense exercise (Elizabeth Quinn, 2011) which is said to be an accurate measure of cardiovascular fitness. Resting heart rate is as comfortably a determinant of the fitness of sport participants. The resting heart rate of those who exercise and train more frequently should be lower because less effort is requisite from the heart to pump blood.(Source?) Found this as a source cant find a author though.http//www.nytimes.com/health/guides/specialtopic/physical-activity/exercises-effects-on-the-heart.html Try to find a journal that says it because they prefer you to use peer reviewed sourcesFifty sport participants, 25 male and 25 female took part in the study. The experiments included measurements of each participants VO2 max, resting heart rate and aver age training hours per week in their specific sport. In addition to this, alcohol intake and whether or non the participants smoke-cured were recorded, as both of these federal agents may affect the results.Ethical issues were considered before the exams on these subjects were carried out. For example participants had given informed consent, they understood their role in the experiment, as rise as having the choice to withdraw at any time. The subjects had volunteered to take part and were not pressurised to participate. If the participants had an injury or disease they would not be chosen to take part as this may have adversely affect their health during the experiment and have a negative impact on results.VO2 max was calculated using the Astrand 6 minute cycle VO2 max test which was performed using a cycle ergometer. A heart rate monitor, weighing scales and a stop watch were excessively required. Resting heart rate is the fig of beats per minute when the performer is at complete rest (Elizabeth Quinn, 2011), and was measured using the heart rate monitor. galore(postnominal) experiments involving the measurement of VO2 max have used the Astrand cycle test such as that by R.E. Cink et al.(1981) and it was said to be successful, also a study by G. Keren et al.(1980) on the Comparison of Various Methods for the Determination of VO2 max came to the conclusion that the Astrand-Rhyming procedure can be a reliable measure for maximal oxygen consumption. thusly this test was chosen for the investigation.Before each participant carried out the test, the seat height was adjusted appropriately where the knee was almost straight and the pedalling position make to be comfortable for the subject. In advance to the participant took part in a 3 minute warm-up. The initial cycle work rate was come out to 125 kilogram-force meter/minute. This setting was chosen as it was appropriate when looking at the age of each participant also this setting should raise the pa rticipants heart rate to 130-160bpm after 2 minutes cycling at 50rpm before the test starts. The participants would start the test on command and the stopwatch was then started. The performer(s) pedalled at 50rpm for 6 minutes whilst maintaining their heart rate between 120-170 bpm. The heart rate was chosen to be maintained at this throw a agency as recommended by G. Keren (1980), who is one of many others who carried out studies using the Astrand technique. He said that the procedure can only be a reliable measure for maximal oxygen consumption if done properly in the way that Astrand, (1985) carried it out so that heart rate should be kept between 120-170 beats/min. The participants heart rate was recorded each minute and after 2 minutes if the participants heart rate was not in the target range of 120-170bpm then the work rate wattage was adjusted accordingly. The heart rate rose to a level in the target range and then levelled off, staying relatively constant during the last few minutes of exercise. After 6 minutes the test stopped and the final work rate wattage was recorded. To estimate VO2 max using this protocol, the Astrand-Ryhming nomogram was used, similar to the study by Stephen. F.Siconolfi (1985), where the nomograph technique is carried out where the heart rate (left of nomograph) is plotted and then the work load (right of nomograph), which helps find the VO2 max (middle of nomograph). Once the estimated VO2 max value had been determined the calculation-based formula was used where the estimated VO2 max value was multiplied by the appropriate correction factor (based on age).A treadmill or a stationary bike could have been used to measure the VO2 max and it was important to stay with the same implement for each participant to maintain an accurate and fair test.The bicycle ergometer was chosen over the treadmill because it is less expensive, requires less space and is easily transported. It also makes it easier to take heart rate or attach an ECG and requires little training or practice. Furthermore, mechanical efficiency of individuals on stationary bikes varies less than the mechanical efficiency of during running protocols. It is also relatively easy to calculate the external work done on a bike, whereas the work done on a treadmill could be quite variable. Due to variation in mechanical efficiency of a treadmill, bike tests were seen to be better at identifying differences between subjects VO2 max.The inculpate resting heart rates and mean VO2 max of each participant (male and female) were calculated. As well as the standard deviations of resting heart rate and VO2 max, to see the number of variations that can exist from the average and to determine how numbers varied and how spread out they are.ResultsThe average resting heart and average VO2 max of each participant as well as the standard deviationsNote (Do Quantitative comparison here)-comparing males and females vo2 and resting HR?..Table of general resultsS ubject numberGenderAverage Training Hours per weekVO2 liquid ecstasy (ml/kg/min)Resting HR (bpm)1Female2048542Female944593Female2232744Female1841665Female635696Female1836697Female1642658Female1042679Female12476610Female8416611Female24506112Female14317513Female20604814Female18594815Female18416616Female20605617Female12486418Female11416519Female10436320Female26466121Female22674022Female16545023Female16366924Female16566225Female12505726Male18396827Male8436828Male12466629Male9476230Male16465831Male16387232Male16445833Male12406034Male20425835Male22416836Male18446037Male16555638Male16346939Male18446540Male14356941Male18624342Male20457043Male9347544Male16445445Male8386746Male8327047Male9436348Male14435549Male18605350Male104762Imran I dont think you need the info for every subject, just the averages. Otherwise theres too much selective information to read.The results vaguely show that as the number of training hours increase, the cardiovascular fitness for both genders increases. Figure 1 v aguely shows that the VO2 max increases for both genders, and figure 2 vaguely shows that for both genders as the average number of training hours increases the resting heart rate decreases.Figures 1 and 2 show that there was a large variation in results and that the results are not all close to the line of best fit, the data has anomalies, although there is a weak correlation. The variation could be down to factors such as the participants smoking and/ or having tall alcohol intake, therefore affecting the VO2 max and resting heart rate. The participants may also have carried out different types of training and training in a way that was specific to their individual sports. Their activities may have been aerobic or anaerobic training and this was not taken into account.The biggest limitation is the fact that the results are varied and not all are similar, there are many outliers, and as discussed this may be due to the differing types of training of the participants and so a futur e recommendation would be to carry out the experiment with a sample of participants who have preferred sports of which are only anaerobic or only aerobic.Shannan E. Gormley et al. (2008) undertook a similar study to determine the effects of regular aerobic training on VO2 max and resting heart rate, and whether various intensities of aerobic training differentially affected VO2 max as well as resting HR and resting blood pressure. Sixty one healthy modern adults took part in the study, they were matched for sex and VO2max and were randomly assigned to a moderate, ready near-maximal- gaudiness, or a non- exercising control class. Intensity during exercise was controlled by having the subjects maintain target HR. Exercise volume was controlled across the three training groups by varying duration and frequency. Fifty-five subjects completed a 6-wk training protocol on a stationary bicycle ergometer and pre and post testing.The researchers concluded that VO2 max had significantly inc reased in all exercising groups by 7.2, 4.8, and 3.4 ml/kg/min in the near-maximal, the vigorous, and the moderate-intensity groups, respectively. Therefore showing that Vo2 max increases with intensity of exercise as well as frequency of exercise.Other studies show similar results. Carleton B. Chapman and Robert. S. Frazer (1954) implies that regular exercise training increases cardiovascular function of an individual by increasing their cardiac output and therefore lowering the resting heart rate of the individual.A trial performed by Tabata et al. (1996) showed that after two experiments involving individuals whom are also young sport participants that took part in training programmes, and that after this regular training VO2 max of these individuals increases significantly.In conclusion, the results do not follow the hypothesis in that the data does not clearly show correlations of the effect of average training hours on the resting heart rates and VO2 max of this group of peopl e. This however is only for this specific group of people and may be down to other factors influencing these results such as their alcohol intake, if they smoke or not, and also more importantly, what is involved in their training. ane participant may be mainly focusing on agility, whilst another on strength. Furthermore, their particular sporting activity may be aerobic or anaerobic which may have affected the results also. Moreover, this sample size was small also, which means that the results cannot be generalised.ReferencesElizabeth Quinn. (2011). What Is VO2 Max. Online Accessed 20/02/2014 Available from http//sportsmedicine.about.com/od/anatomyandphysiology/a/VO2_max.htm.Elizabeth Quinn. (July 26, 2011). Resting Heart Rate. Online Accessed 20/02/2014 Available http//sportsmedicine.about.com/od/anatomyandphysiology/qt/Resting-Heart-Rate.htm.Tabata et al. (1996). (Department of Physiology and Biomechanics, National Institute of Fitness and Sports, JAPAN) Effects of moderate-int ensity endurance and high-intensity intermittent training on anaerobic capacity and VO2max. Online Accessed 20/02/2014 Available from http//jeffosadec.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/effects-of-moderate-intensity-endurance-and-high-intensity-intermittent-training-on-anaerobic-capacity-and-e280a2vo2max.pdf.Carleton B. Chapman and Robert S. Frazer. (1954). Studies on the Effect of Exercise on Cardiovascular Function Cardiac Output and Mean Circulation Time. Online Last accessed 19/02/2014.Available from http//circ.ahajournals.org/content/9/1/57.full.pdf+htmlShannan E. Gormley et al.(2008) Effect of Intensity of Aerobic Training on VO2max. Online Accessed 20/02/2014 Available from http//www.medscape.com/viewarticle/576846REFERENCE THE ONES BELOW CORRECTLY..-STEVEN F. SICONOLFI, CAROL EWING GARBER, THOMAS M. LASATER ANDRICHARD A. CARLETON (1985) http//aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/121/3/382.full.pdf+html R.E. Cink, T.R. Thomas. (1981) http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1858756/pdf /brjsmed00255-0036.pdf EXERCISES EFFECTS ON THE HEART, New york times http//www.nytimes.com/health/guides/specialtopic/physical-activity/exercises-effects-on-the-heart.html-A comparison of various methods for the determination of VO2max. Keren G, Magazanik A, Epstein Y. (1980).VO2 max (use this to replace all throughout essay)Usefull links? http//www.sportsci.org/jour/0101/cf.htmhttp//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2644030http//www.sfu.ca/leyland/Kin343%20Files/Bike%20Lab.pdfhttp//library.crossfit.com/free/pdf/52_06_VO2_Not_Gold_Standard.pdfLinks to do with the method/ Amstrad testhttp//highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0072844221/123981/laba3_3.pdfand http//web.sls.hw.ac.uk/teaching/level3/A33TT3/A33TT3/Practical%202%20Astrand%20Rhyming.prn.pdfhttp//www.brianmac.co.uk/cycle6min.htmhttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQ2adzoaVdI(This link here will help find studies using the test )=http//www.vo2konsulten.se/artiklar/dan_andersson_astrand_ryhming.pdf